A  L  T>  E 


CITIZEN'S  MANUAL. 


A    TEXT-BOOK   ON    GOVERNMENT, 


COMMON 


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I          JOSEPH   ALDKN,  D.D.,LL.D., 

PKBSIUKNT   OF    !Ht    STATE   NOJIMAL    SCHOOL,   ALBANY,   N.  TM   AUTHOR  of 

"KLEMBNT8   OF  INTKLI.ECTl!AL   PHIiOSOFHY,"   "  T1!K   SOIRNC1 

OF   GOVtKNMKNT,"   "CHRIgHAX   KTVlCt."   ETC. 


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ALBERTS 


CITIZEN'S  MANUAL 


A   TEXT-BOOK   ON   GOVERNMENT, 


COMMON  SCHOOLS. 


BY 


REV.  JOSEPH   ALDEN,  D.D.,LL.D., 

PRESIDENT  OF  THE  STATE  NORMAL  SCHOOL,  ALBANY,  N.Y.,  AUTHOR  O£ 
"ELEMENTS  OF  INTELLECTUAL  PHILOSOPHY,"  "THE  SCIENCE 

OF   GOVERNMENT,"    "CHRISTIAN   ETHICS,"   ETC. 


SHELDON"  &    COMPANY, 

NEW    YORK    AND    CHICAGO.    ' 


Entered,  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1867,  by 
JOSEPH    ALDEN, 

In  the  Clerk's  Office  of  the  District  Court  of  the  United  States  for  the 
Northern  District  of  New  York. 


EDUCATION  T.1BB7 
DR.  ALDEN'S  BOOKS  ON  GOVERNMENT 

A  RE 

THE  CITIZEN'S  MANUAL: 

A  Text-Book  for  Common  Schools.     One  volume,  12mo, 
half  bd. 


THE   SCIENCE    OF   GOVERNMENT 

IN    CONNECTION    WITH    AMERICAN    INSTITUTIONS.       A    Text- 

Book  for  High  Schools,  Academies,   and  Colleges.     One 
Tolume,  12mo. 


( 


STEREOTYPED  AT  THE 

BOSTON     STEREOTYPE     FOUNDRY, 
No.  4  Spring  Lane, 


f&'i 


PREFACE. 


THE  publishers  of  the  "  Science  of  Government  in  cour.ee 
lion  with  American  Institutions,"  —  a  work  designed  for  Col 
leges  and  High  Schools,  —  have  received  abundant  assurances, 
from  various  parts  of  the  country,  that  the  general  introduction 
of  the  study  of  the  science  of  government  into  common  schools 
would  follow  the  appearance  of  a  text-book  adapted  to  the 
wants  and  circumstances  of  common  school  teachers.  The 
author  was  thus  led  to  consult  a  number  of  intelligent  and 
experienced  teachers.  Having  possessed  himself  of  their 
views,  which  met  his  full  approbation,  he  prepared  a  work, 
and  submitted  it  to  an  able  and  successful  teacher,  who  care 
fully  revised  every  part  of  it,  and  made  many  valuable  sug 
gestions.  The  work  was  then  wholly  re-written,  and  is  now 
given  to  the  public  with  the  hope  that  it  will  meet  the  appro 
bation  of  common  school  teachers,  and  aid  them  in  doing  a 
work  which  no  other  class  of  men  can  do  —  that  of  preparing 
fche  masses  for  intelligently  exercising  their  rights  as  citizens 
af  the  Republic. 

The  teacher  who  may  use  this  little  volume  will  find  its 
topics  more  fully  treated  in  the  "  Science  of  Government," 

above  mentioned. 

J.  A. 


M598544 


CONTENTS. 


2ft  *  me  r-MH 

I.    ORIGIN  OF  CIVIL  SOCIETY  AND  GOVERNMENT 1 

II.    MONARCHY.  —  ARISTOCRACY.  —  REPUBLIC.  —  LIBERTY 

AND  LAW 1<J 

III.  DESPOTISM.  —  FREE  GOVERNMENT.  — RIGHT  AND  DUTY 

OF  SELF-GOVERNMENT 13 

IV.  COLONIAL  GOVERNMKNTS 15 

V.    THE  CONFEDERATION II 

VI.    FORMATION  AND  ADOPTION  OF  THE  CONSTITUTION.  .  .  91 

VII.    THE  NATURE  OF  THE  CONSTITUTION 28 

VIII.    DIVISION  OF  POWERS.— CONGRESS.— HOUSE -OF  REPRE 
SENTATIVES 30 

IX.    THE  SENATE 3f 

X.    MEETINGS  OF  CONGRESS.  —  PRIVILEGES  OF  MEMBERS.  38 

XI.    MODE  OF  PASSING  LAWS 42 

XII.    POWERS  OF  CONGRESS 4fi 

XIII.  POWERS  OF  CONGRKSS,  CONTINUED 50 

XIV.  PROHIBITIONS  ON  THE  UNITED  STATES 54 

XV     PROHIBITIONS  ON  THE  STATES. 58 

XVI.    THE   EXECUTIVE    DEPARTMENT.  —  ELECTION   OP  run 

PRESIDENT  AND  VICE-PRESIDENT 63 

XV 11.    ELECTION  OF  PRESIDENT  AND  VICE-PRESIDENT,  CON 
TINUED 6fi 

XVIII.    DUTIES  OF  THE  PRESIDENT 8M 

XIX.    THE  JUDICIAL  DEPARTMENT 75 

XX.    JUDICIAL  DEPARTMENT,  CONTINUED -»8 

(W 


0  CONTENTS. 

XXL    TREASON. —  FUGITIVES  FKOM  JUSTICE.  — ADMISSION 

OP  NEW  STATES 8fl 

XXII.    MODE  OF  MAKING  AMENDMENTS.  —  SUPREMACY  OF 

THE  CONSTITUTION ya 

XXIII.    AMENDMENTS  TO  THE  CONSTITUTION 88 

XXIV     CONSTITUTIONS  OF  THE  STATES. 93 

XXV.    THE  ENGLISH  CONSTITUTION 98 

XXVI.    THE  ENGLISH  EXECUTIVE 102 

XXVII.    THE  ENGLISH  JUDICIARY ,  104 

IX. VII I.    INTERNATIONAL  LAW 107 

JLXiX.    DIFFERENT  KINDS  OF  LAW 113 

COWeTlTUTIOB  OF  THE  UXITKD  8TATM.             .    .  ill 


THE 

YOUNG  CITIZEN'S  MANUAL 


CHAPTER    I. 

ORIGIN   OF   CIVIL   SOCIETY   AND    GOVERNMENT. 

1.  Why  do  men  live  together  in  society? 
Because  God  made  them  to  live  together  in  society 

2.  How  does  that  appear  ? 

God  has  given  to  men  a  social  nature,  which  ren- 
Jers  society  necessary  to  their  happiness  and  im 
provement. 

3.  If  a  man  is  willing  to  forego  the  advantage* 
of  society -,  may  he  not  cease  to  be  a  member  of  it  f 

He  has  no  right  to  forego  the  advantages  of 
society. 

4.  now  does  that  appear? 

God  designed  that  he  should  live  in  society  and 
enjoy  its  benefits,  and  he  has  no  right  to  act  con 
trary  to  that  design. 

5.  What  is  necessary  in  order  that  men  may  Iiv4 
together  in  peace  in  society  f 

There  must  be  good  laws  obeyed  and  enforced. 


THE    YOUNG   CITIZEN'S   MANUAL, 

6.  "Why  are  laws  necessary  ? 

They  are  necessary  to  restrain  men  from  inteiv 
fering  with  one  another's  rights. 

7.  How  does  this  appear  f 

Experience  has  shown  that  some  men  are  disposed 
to  act  unjustly,  and  hence  need  to  be  restrained 
by  law. 

8.  Who  makes  and  executes  the  laws  f 
The  government. 

9.  Who  make  the  government  f 
The  people. 

10.  May  the  people  make  just  such  a  government 
as  they  choose? 

They  may,  provided  it  is  adapted  to  secure  justice 
and  the  public  prosperity. 

1 1 .  What  power  does  the  government  possess  f 
The  power  conferred  upon  it  by  the  people. 

12.  Can  the  people  authorize  the  government  to 
act  unjustly  f 

They  cannot.  Justice  is  the  fundamental  law 
which  both  the  people  and  the  government  are  un 
der  obligation  to  obey. 

Wliat  is  the  instrument  by  which  the  people 
determine  tJie  form  and  define  the  powers  of  gov* 
ernment  f 

The  Constitution. 

14.  Who  make  the  laws  f 
The  legislature. 

15.  What  is  the  legislature? 

A  body  of  men   chosen  ty  the  people  to  maki 

mrm 


OB    TEXT-BOOK    ON    GOVERNMENT,  3 

16.  What  is  the  difference  between  the  Constitu* 
tion  and  the  laws  made  by  the  legislature  f 

The  Constitution  is  the  higher  law,  to  which  all 
the  laws  enacted  by  the  legislature  must  be  con 
formed. 

17.  Z>  there  any  higher  law  than  the  Constitution  f 
The  Constitution  is  the  highest  human  law;  but 

the  law  of  God  is  the  highest  of  all  laws. 

18.  May  not  the  people  who  make  the  Constitution 
disobey  it  if  they  please  f 

The  people,  as  well  as  the  government,  are  under 
obligation  to  obey  the  Constitution. 

19.  May  the  people  change  the  Constitution? 
They  may  change  it  in  the  way  pointed  out  by 

the  Constitution. 

20.  How  does  it  appear  that  it  is  God's  will  thai 
the  people  should  have  government  ? 

It  appears  from  the  fact  that  government  is  neces 
sary  to  the  existence  of  society  and  the  well-being 
of  men,  and  from  the  Bible. 

21.  What  does  the  Bible  say  on  the  subject  ? 
"The  powers  that  be  are  ordained  of  God;"  which 

is  the  same  as  saying,  "  Government  is  ordained  of 
God." 

22.  What  does  the  Bible  say  respecting  magis 
trates  f 

It  commands  us  "  to  obey  magistrates." 

23.  Suppose    their    commands   come   in   conflict 
with  the  law  of  God? 

Then  "we  ought  to  obey  God  rather  than  meo."— 
Acts  5 : 29. 


10  THE    YOUNG    CITIZEN'S    MANUAL, 

24.  Is  it  ever  right  to  resist  the  government  f 
It  is  sometimes  right  to  resort  to  revolution. 

25.  What  is  meant  by  the  right  of  revolution  f 
The  right  to  overthrow  the  government  by  forcot 

*nd  establish  another  in  its  place. 

26.  When  may  the  right  of  revolution  be  resorted  to  f 
When  the  oppression  is  very  great,  and  the  pros' 

feet  of  success  good. 


CHAPTER    II. 

MONARCHY.  —  ARISTOCRACY.  —  REPUBLIC.  —  LIBERT  f 
AND    LAW. 

1.  Who  determine  the  form  of  the  government  f 
The  people. 

2.  What  are  the  three  forms  of  government  f 
Monarchy,  aristocracy,  and  republic. 

3.  What  is  a  monarchy? 

A  monarchy  is  a  government  by  a  single  person.* 

4.  What  is  an  absolute  monarchy  ? 

One  in  which  all  the  powers  of  the  government 
are  possessed  by  the  monarch. 

5.  What  is  a  limited  monarchy? 

One  in  which  the  power  of  the  monarch  is  limited 
1>y  the  Constitution  and  laws. 


*  "The  titles  of  the  different  monarchs  of  Europe  are, 
Emperor,  Czar,  or  Sultan,  the  ruler  of  an  empire;  King  or 
Queen,  of  a  kingdom;  Prince,  of  a  principality;  Grand  Dvikt, 
of  a  grand  duchy ;  Duke,  of  a  duchy  ;  and  Pope,  of  the  pope« 
dom."  —  Worcester. 


OB    TEXT -BOOK    ON    GOVERNMENT.  11 

6.  What  is  an  hereditary  monarchy  f 

One  in  which  the  oldest  surviving  son  or  nearest 
heir  succeeds  to  the  crown  on  the  death  of  the 
monarch. 

7.  What  is  an  elective  monarchy? 

One  in  which  the  monarch  is  elected  by  the  peo» 
pie,  or  by  some  portion  of  them. 

8.  What  is  an  aristocracy? 

Aristocracy  "is  a  form  of  government  which 
places  the  supreme  power  in  the  nobles,  or  the  prin 
cipal  persons  of  the  state." 

9.  What  may  be  said  of  this  form  of  government  f 
It  is  the  worst  form. 

10.  What  is  a  republic  ? 

A  republic  is  that  form  of  government  in  which 
the  power  of  the  state  is  exercised  by  agents  chosen 
by  the  people. 

11.  What  is  a  democracy? 
Democracy  is  a  government  by  the  people. 

12.  What  is  a  pure  democracy? 

One  in  which  the  power  of  the  state  is  exercised 
directly  by  the  people. 

13.  What  is  a  representative  democracy? 

A  representative  democracy  does  not  differ  from  a 
republic. 

1 4.  Are  the  three  forms  of  government  —  mon 
archy,    aristocracy,    and    republic  —  always    kepi 
separate  ? 

They  are  not.  The  three  forms  are  blended  in 
the  English  government. 

15.  What  is  the  best  form  of  government  ? 
That  which  is  the  best  adapted  to  promote  justicf 

and  the  public  prosperity. 


lli  THE  YOUNG  CITIZEN'S  MANUAL, 

16.  What  should  determine  the  form  of  a  nation?* 
government  f 

The  character  and  circumstances  of  the  people. 

17.  For  what  nations  is  a  republic  the  best  form  f 
Those  in  which  the  people  are  intelligent  and  moral 

18.  Why  are  representatives  chosen  f 

Because  all  the  people  of  a  nation  cannot  meet 
together,  and  make  laws. 

19.  For  what  other  reason  f 

Because  men  selected  on  account  of  their  wisdom 
are  best  qualified  to  make  laws. 

20.  To  whom  are  the  representatives  responsible  f 
To  the  people  and  to  God. 

21.  Do  wise  and  just  laws  interfere  with  liberty  f 
They  do  not.     Civil  liberty  is  the  result  of  law. 

22.  What  can  men  reasonably  claim  f 

Liberty  to  do  right,  and  protection  against  wrong 

23.  Do  laws  which  restrain  a  man  from  doing 
wrong  infringe  on  his  liberty? 

They  do  not ;  for  he  has  no  right  to  do  wrctg. 

24.  What  would  perfectly  wise  laws  require? 
They  would  require  men  to  do  what  is  just. 

25.  What  would  they  prohibit  f 
Everything  unjust. 

26.  What  would  be  the  result  of  perfectly  wise 
laws  faithfully  executed? 

Every  one  would  be  at  liberty  to  do  right,  and 
would  be  secure  from  wrong. 

27.  If  one  was  free  to  do  right,  and  secure  againti 
vyrong,  what  would  he  have  f 

Perfect  liberty. 


OE   TEXT-BOOK    ON    GOVERNMENT.  13 

28.  What,  then,  is  the  relation  between  liberty  and 
law  f 

The  perfection  of  law  would  secure  the  perfection 
of  liberty. 


CHAPTER    III. 

DESPOTISM.  —  FREE    GOVERNMENT.  —  EIGHT   AND 
DUTY    OF    SELF-GOVERNMENT. 

1.  What  is  a  despotic  government  f 

A  government  in  which  the  rulers  exercise  irre« 
eponsible  power. 

2.  May  a  republican,  government  be  despotic  f 
Those  intrusted  with  power  by  the  people  may, 

for  a  time,  use  that  power  in  a  despotic  manner. 

3.  What  is  the  remedy  in  such  a  case? 

The  remedy  is  found  in  the  ballot-box.  Other 
men  must  be  elected  to  wield  the  powers  of  govern 
ment. 

4.  What  is  a  military  despotism  f 
Government  by  a  military  despot  whose  will  is  the 

sole  law. 

5.  What  is  a  free  government  f 

A  government  of  laws  securing  liberty. 

6.  May  not  an  absolute  despot  make  wise  and  j  ml 
laws  f 

He  may. 

7.  Would  not  such  laws  secure  liberty? 

They  would  for  the  time  being;  but  theie  would 
be  no  security  for  their  continuance. 


14  THE    YOUNG    CITIZEN'S    MANU.4X, 

8.  Why  would  there  be  no  security  ? 

Because  they  would  depend  upon  the  will  of  on« 
man,  whose  will  might  change  at  any  moment. 

9.  Is  government  by  the  people  necessarily  a  fret 
government  f 

Not  necessarily;  for  the  people,  or  a  majority  of 
them,  may  construct  a  government  which  will  not 
secure  liberty. 

10.  Have  the  people  a  right  to  govern  themselves? 
It  is  both  their  right  and  duty  to  govern  them . 

Helves  wisely  and  righteously. 

11.  How  have  governments  often  originated? 

In  fraud  and  force,  and  not  in  the  consent  of  the 
people  governed. 

12.  May  such  governments  become  legitimate  f 
They  may. 

13.  How  may  they  become  legitimate  f 

Only  by  becoming  good  governments,  and  re 
ceiving  either  the  express  or  the  tacit  consent  of  the 
people. 

1 4.  What  do  you  mean  by  a  legitimate  government  f 
A  lawful  government. 

15.  May  it  be  the  duty  of  a  people  to  obey  a  mili 
tary  despot  f 

It  may  be  the  duty  of  a  people  to  obey  a  despot 
for  a  time. 

16.  How  does  that  appear? 

Christ  taught  the  duty  of  obedience  to  Caesar,  who 
t\  ,as  a  military  despot. 

17.  On  what  ground  may  it  be  our  duty  to  obey  a 
m  Hi  tary  despot  f 

On  the  ground  that  any  government  is  better  than 
anarchy,  or  lawlessness. 


OB    TEXT-BOOK    ON    GOVERNMENT.  Id 

18.  How  long  may  it  be  the  duty  of  a  people  tc 
obey  a  military  despot  ? 

Till  they  can  overthrow  his  government,  and  es 
tablish  a  better  one  in  its  place. 

19.  What  is  meant  by  the  divine  right  of  kings? 
The  claim  put  forth  by  some  monarchs  that  they 

leceived   their   power   directly  from  God,  and   not 
Irom  the  people. 

20.  WJiat  doctrine  was  founded  upon  this  claim  f 
The  doctrine  of  passive  obedience  and  non-resist 
ance. 

21.  What  did  that  doctrine  teach  f 

It  taught  that  implicit,  unquestioning  obedience 
should  be  given  to  the  government,  and  that  no  resist 
ance  should  be  made  even  to  the  most  oppressive  acts. 

22.  Are  the  people  infallible  in  matters  of  govern 
ment  f 

No  individual  is  infallible;  hence  no  collection  of 
individuals  is  infallible. 

23.  Can  an  ignorant  and  vicious  people  establish 
and  maintain  a  free  government  ? 

Reason  and  experience  show  that  they  cannot. 

24.  Wfiat  are  the  greatest  safeguards  of  freedom  f 
Intelligence  and  morality  on  the  part  of  the  people, 


CHAPTER  IV. 

COLONIAL     GOVERNMENTS. 

1.  When  did  the  Pilgrims  land  at  Plymouth  f 

December  22,  16'20. 

2.  In  what  ship  did  they  cross  the  ocean  ? 
The  May  Flower. 


16  TOE  YOUNG  CITIZEN'S  MANUAL, 

8  Btfore  leaving  the  May  Flower,  what  provision 
lid  they  make  for  yoverniaettt  2 

They  drew  up  and  signed  a  compact  binding 
themselves  to  obey  the  laws  which  should  be  made 
ky  Die  majority. 

1.    WJiat  officers  did  they  choose  f 

A  governor  and  an  assistant. 

5.  Who  made  the  laws  ? 
The  people  of  the  colony. 

6.  How  long  did  this  state  of  things  continue  f 
Until  1639  —  nineteen  years. 

7.  What  change  then  took  place  ? 

Tbe  settlements  had  become  so  widely  extended 
ttvat  it  tvas  inconvenient  for  the  people  to  assemble 
and  mak*j  laws. 

8.  Whai  measures  were  then  taken  ? 

The  peopio  elected  representatives  to  meet  and 
make  laws  for  them. 

9.  Did  the  representative*  thus  elected  constitute 
the  first  legislative  assembly  in  America  ? 

No ;  the  first  representative  legislature  sat  in  Vir 
ginia  in  1619.* 

10.  In  what  respect  were  the  governments  of  all 
the  colonies  similar  f 

Each  colony  had  a  governor,  a  council  constituting 
the  upper  house  of  the  legislature,  and  representatives 
rhoeen  by  the  people,  constituting  the  lower  houso. 

*  Previous  to  1019,  the  people  of  Virginia  had  been  gov- 
f  i  ned  by  a  governor  and  council  appointed  by  the  king  of 
Great  Britain.  The  people  then  claimed  the  right,  as  British 
subjects,  to  be  represented  in  the  government.  Sir  George 
Yeardley,  the  governor,  permitted  the  various  plantations  to 
elect  repn  sentatives.  who  formed  the  lower  house  of  the  legis 
lature,  the  council  forming  the  upper  house. 


OB    TEXT-BOOK    ON    GOVEKNMENT.  17 

11.  How  were  the  governors  appointed1? 

In  most  of  the  colonies,  they  were  appointed  b* 
the  king. 

12.  What  powers  had  the  colonial  legislatures,  ? 
They  had  power  to  make  laws  for  their  respective 

colonies,  provided  the  laws  made  were  not  contrary 
to  the  laws  of  Great  Britain. 

13.  What  poioer  had  the  governors  ? 

They  had  power  to  veto  any  and  every  act  of  the 
legislatures ;  that  is,  to  prevent  the  act  from  becom 
ing  a  law. 

14.  What  powers  had  the  governor  and  council 
acting  together  ? 

They  had  power  to  establish  courts  and  appoint 
judges,  to  raise  troops  and  proclaim  martial  law  in 
cases  of  invasion  or  rebellion. 

15.  Had  the  colonists  much  liberty  f 

They  had  the  forms  of  liberty,without  the  substance. 

1 6.  Who  possessed  the  political  power  ? 

All  real  power  was  possessed  by  the  king,  or  by 
those  holding  office  at  his  will. 

17.  Were  the  colonies  united  wider  one  gemral 
government  ? 

They  were  united  only  in  a  common  relation  to 
the  crown  and  to  the  mother  country. 

I 3.  On  what  ground  did  the  colonists  claim  thai 
they  should  not  be  taxed  without  their  consent  ? 

On  the  ground  that  they  were  entitled  to  all  the  pri  v» 
lieges  of  Englishmen,  especially  that  of  representation. 

19.    What  led  to  the  revolution1? 

The  attempt  of  the  Parliament  of  Great  Britain  to 
raise  a  revenue  in  the  colonies  while  denying  thenj 
representation  in  Parliament. 


18  THE    YOUNG    CITIZEN'S    MANUAL, 

20.  Wliat  act  of  Parliament  was  passed  for  that 
purpose  f 

The  Stamp  Act,  which  required  the  colonists  to 
nse  stamped  paper  for  all  legal  documents. 

21.  What  state  took  the  lead  in  opposition  to  iht 
measures  of  the  British  government? 

Massachusetts  recommended  that  a  Congress  o! 
deputies  from  all  the  colonies  should  assemble  to  de 
liberate  on  the  state  of  affairs. 

22.  When  and  where  did  this  Congress  meet? 
In  Philadelphia,  September  4,  1774. 

23.  How  were  the  delegates  to  this  Congress  ap 
pointed? 

In  some  colonies  by  the  lower  branches  of  the 
legislatures,  and  in  others  by  conventions  of  the 
people  held  for  that  purpose. 

24.  When  and  where  did  the  second  Congress  meet  f 
In  May,  1775,  in  Philadelphia. 

25.  What  were  some  of  the  acts  of  this  Congress  f 
They  appointed  George  Washington  Commander- 
in-chief  of  the  troops  of  the  colonies,  and  declared 
independence  July  4,  1776. 


CH1PTER    V. 

THE   CONFEDERATION. 

1.  When  did  Congress  appoint  a  committee  to 
prepare  Articles  of  Union  between  the  states  f 

On  the  llth  of  June,  1776,  the  same  day  on  which 
they  appointed  a  committee  to  prepaie  the  Declara 
tion  of  Independence. 


OB    TEXT-BOOK    ON    GOVERNMENT.  19 

2.  What  were  the  Articles  thus  prepared  by  Con> 
gress  called? 

Articles  of  Confederation  and  of  Perpetual  Union 
between  the  States. 

3.  When  were  tfiey  adopted  by  Congress  ? 
Kovember,  1777. 

4.  When  were  Ike  Articles  to  become  binding  on  th* 
Mates? 

When  adopted  by  the  legislatures  of  all  the  states 

5.  When  did  they  become  binding  f 

In  March,  1781,  nearly  five  years  after  the  declara 
tion  of  independence. 

6.  Were  the  states  separate^  independent  states  up 
to  that  time? 

They  were ;  but  Congress  had  by  general  consent 
assumed  the  powers  of  a  government  for  the  United 
States. 

7.  What  has  that  government  been  called? 
The  revolutionary  government. 

8.  What  was  the  government  established  by  tht 
"  Articles  "  called? 

The  government  of  the  Confederation. 

9.  Where  were  the  powers  of  this  government 
vested? 

In  Congress. 

10.  Of  how  many  Houses  did  Congress  consist? 
It  consisted  of  one  House. 

11.  How  were  the  members  appointed? 
By  the  legislatures  of  the  states. 

12.  How  many  delegates  could  each  state  send? 
No  state  could  send  less  than  two  nor  more  than 

seven. 


20  THE    YOUNG    CITIZEN"*    MANUAL, 

13.  For  what  length  of  time  were  the  delegate! 
appointed? 

For  one  year;  but  each  state  could  recall  its  dele* 
gates  nt  any  time,  and  send  others  in  their  stead. 

14.  llo  10  teas  the  voting  done  in  Congress? 
Each  state  had  one  vote,  which  was  determined  by 

»  auijority  of  its  delegates. 

15.  "What  were  some  of  the  powers  of  Congress? 
Congress  had   power  to   declare  war  and   make 

peace ;  to  coin  money ;  to  regulate  the  standard  of 
weights  and  measures;  to  establish  post-offices;  to 
borrow  money  on  the  credit  of  the  United  States, 
and  tu  emit  bills  of  credit;  to  ascertain  the  amount 
of  money  needed  by  the  United  States,  and  to  ap 
portion  the  same  among  the  states;  to  agree  upon 
the  number  of  the  land  forces,  and  apportion  them 
among  the  states;  to  build  and  equip  a  navy;  and  to 
appoint  one  of  their  number  to  preside  in  Congress. 

16.  What  was  the  presiding  officer  called? 
The  President  of  Congress. 

17.  Was  there  any  President  of  the  United  States 
with  powers  similar  to  those  the  President  now  has  f 

No. 

1 8.  Had  Congress  power  to  lay  and  collect  taxes . 
It  had  not. 

19.  Had  Congress  power  to  regulate  commerce 
v\*h  foreign  nations? 

It  had  not. 

20.  How  were  all  important  matters  determined  f 
By  the  consent  of  nine  states. 

21.  How  many  states  were  there  at  that  time  f 
Thirteer 


OB   TEXT-BOOK   ON    GOVERNMENT.  2? 

22.  Had  Congress  power  to  establish  a  national 
judiciary  f 

It  had  not 

23.  What  courts  could  it  establish  f 

Courts  for  "  receiving  and  determining  rinally  aj> 
peals  in  all  cases  of  captures." 

24.  What  was  the  great  defect  of  the  government 
of  the  Confederation  f 

Its  want  of  power.* 

25.  Towards  what  were  things  tending  f 
Towards  a  state  which  threatened  to  place  the 

people  in  a  worse  condition  than  they  were  in  before 
the  revolution.! 


CHAPTER    VI. 

FORMATION   AND   ADOPTION  OP   THE   CONSTITUTION. 

1.  What  measures  were  taken  to  remedy  the  de 
fects  of  the  Confederation? 

A  Convention  was  called  for  that  purpose. 

2.  Who  recommended  the  calling  of  a  Convention? 
Congress. 

*  "The  Confederation,"  said  Washington,  "seems  to  me 
to  be  little  more  than  a  shadow  without  the  substance,  and 
Congress  a  nugatory  body,  their  ordinances  being  little  at 
tended  to." 

f  Washington,  in  view  of  the  state  of  things,  wrote  that  H 
plight  be  "  a  subject  of  regret  that  so  much  blood  and  treasure 
have  been  lavished  to  no  purpose,  that  so  many  sufferings  have 
been  encountered  without  compensation,  and  that  so  many 
sacrifices  have  been  made  in  vain." 


22  THE  YOUNG  CITIZEN'S  MANUAL, 

8.    Who  were  especially  influential  in  bringing 
about  that  event? 
James  Madison  and  Alexander  Hamilton. 

4.  How  were  the  delegates  to  the  Convention  ap 
pointed? 

By  the  legislatures  of  the  states. 

5.  Did  all  the  states  send  delegates  f 
All  except  Rhode  Island. 

6.  What  was  the  Convention  catted  f 
The  Federal  Convention. 

7.  Where  and  when  did  it  meet  f 
In  Philadelphia,  May  5,  1787. 

8.  Who  was  chosen  President  of  the  Convention  f 
George  Washington. 

9.  What  was  one  of  the  rules  of  the  Convention  f 
That  the  proceedings  of  the  Convention  should  be 

ktpt  secret. 

10.  How  did  those  proceedings  become  known? 
Mr.  Madison  made  a  daily  record  of  them,  and 

after  his  death  that  record  was  published  by  order 
of  Congress. 

11.  What  was  the  Convention  expected  to  do? 
To  revise  and  amend  the  Articles  of  Confederation 

12.  Of  what  was  a  majority  of  the  Convention 
soon  convinced? 

That  something  more  than  a  revision  and  amend 
ment  of  the  Articles  was  needed. 

13.  What  was  the  first  resolution  adopted  by  the 
Convention  ? 

"  Resolved,  that  a  national  government  ought  to  be 
established,  with  a  supreme  legislative,  executive, 
and  judiciary." 


OR  TEXT-BOOK  ON  GOVERNMENT.  zS 

14.  Were  all  the  members  of  the  Convention  in 
fivor  of  that  resolution  f 

There  were  dome  who  insisted  that  they  were  ap 
pointed  to  araond  the  Articles  of  Confederation,  and 
that  they  had  no  right  to  proceed  to  form  a  national 
gnveinment. 

15.  Was  the  question  of  abandoning  the  Confed 
eration,  or  league  of  the  states,  and  of  forming  a 
national  government  for  the  United  States,  brought 
distinctly  before  the  Convention  ? 

It  was. 

16.  How  did  the  states,  by  their  delegates,  vote  on 
that  question  ? 

Massachusetts,  Connecticut,  Pennsylvania,  Vir 
ginia,  North  Carolina,  South  Carolina,  and  Georgia 
—  seven  states  —  voted  for  the  national  plan. 

17.  What  states  voted  for  the  league  plan  f 
New  York,  New  Jersey,  and  Delaware — three 

states.    The  vote  of  Maryland  was  divided. 

18.  What  did  the  Convention  then  proceed  to  dof 
To  form  the  Constitution. 

19.  Was  the  formation  of  the  Constitution  a  dif 
ficult  work? 

It  was  a  work  of  so  great  difficulty  that  Washing 
ton  wrote  to  a  friend,  "  I  almost  despair  of  seeing  a 
favorable  issue  to  the  proceedings  of  the  Convention^ 
and  I  do  therefore  regret  that  I  have  had  any  agency 
iu  the  business." 

20.  What  was  done  with  the  Constitution  when 
finished  by  the  Convention  ? 

It  was  published  and  laid  before  Convention 
called  by  the  legislatures  of  the  states  to  adopt  or  t« 
reject  it. 


24  THE  YOUNG  CITIZEN'S  MANUAL,, 

21.  Who  were  prominent  among  the  writers  in 
favor  of  the  Constitution? 

Alexander  Hamilton,  James  Madison,  and  John 
Jay. 

22.  What  is  the  work  written  by  them  called  ? 
The  Federalist. 

23.  What  were  the  friends  of  the  Comtitittien 

called? 

Federalists. 

24.  What  were  its  opponents  called? 
Anti-Federalists. 

25.  How  was  the  Constitution  adopted? 
By  state  conventions. 

26.  What  states  adopted  the  Constitution  «nam* 
mously  f 

Delaware,  New  Jersey,  and  Georgia. 

27.  What  states  adopted  it  by  large  majorities  ? 
Pennsylvania,  Maryland,  and  South  Carolina. 

28.  What  states  adopted  it  by  small  majorities? 
Massachusetts,  New  York,  and  Virginia. 

29.  What  state  rejected  it  ? 
North  Carolina. 

30.  What  state  did  not  call  a  Convention  to  cm- 
*  Merit? 

Rhode  Island. 

31.  How  many  states  were  required  to  ratify  tte 
Constitution  before  it  could  go  into  operation? 

Nine  states. 

32.  What  was  done  by  Congress  when  eleven  states 
had  ratified  it  ? 

On  the   13th  of  September,   1788,  Congress  ap 
pointed  the  first  Wednesday  of  January.  1789,  fof 


OR    TEXT-BOOK    ON    GOVERNMENT.  2 

the  choice  of  electors  for  President,  and  the  first 
Wednesday  of  March  following  for  commencing  pro 
ceedings  under  the  new  Constitution. 

33.  Who  were  elected  President  and  Vice-Presi 
de  it? 

George  Washington  and  John  Adams. 

o  1.  When  and  where  did  the  first  Congress  under 
the  Constitution  meet  ? 

On  the  4th  of  March,  1789,  in  New  York. 

35.  When  were  the  votes  for  President  counted? 
On  the  6th  of  April. 

36.  Why  were  they  not  counted  sooner  f 
Because  a  quorum  of  both  houses  of  Congress  did 

not  assemble  till  that  time. 

37.  When  was  Washington  sworn  into  office? 
On  the  30th  of  April,  1789. 

38.  Who  were  members  of  his  Cabinet? 

Thomas  Jefferson  was  Secretary  of  State,  Alexan 
der  Hamilton,  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  Henry 
Knox,  Secretary  of  War,  and  Edmund  Randolph, 
Attorney-General. 

39.  Did  the  Constitution  go  into  full  operation 
when  Washington  was  sworn  into  office  f 

It  did  not,  because  Congress  had  first  to  pass  laws 
organizing  the  different  departments. 

40.  Did  all  the  officers  of  the  Confederation  ceast 
fc  act  on  the  ±th  of  March,  1789? 

They  did  not,  but  continued  to  attend  to  their  de 
partments  until  relieved  by  officers  appointed  under 
tl.e  Constitution. 

41.  When  was  the  Constitution  in  full  operation? 
In  the  autumn  of  1789. 


2b  THE    YOUNG    CITIZEN'S    MANUAL. 

42.  WJien  did  North  Carolina  and  Rhode  Island 
adopt  the  Constitution  f 

North  Carolina  adopted  it  in  November,  1789,  and 
Rhode  Island  in  May,  1790. 


QUESTIONS    FOR    REVIEW. 

ORIGIN    OP    SOCIETY    AND    GOVEENMENT. 

1.  Is  society  of  human  or  divine  origin  ? 

2.  What  is  meant  when  it  is  said  that  society  is  of  divine 
origin? 

3.  Are  men  under  obligation  to  live  in  society  ? 

4.  Why  are  laws  necessary  ? 

5.  Who  make  and  execute  the  laws  ? 

6.  How  does  it  appear  that  it  is  God's  will  that  there  should 
DO  government? 

7.  What  is  the  fundamental  law  of  society  and  government  ? 

8.  What  are  the  three  forms  of  government? 

9.  Who  determine  the  form  of  government? 

10.  What  is  the  best  form  of  government? 

11.  For  what  nations  is  a  republic  the  best  form? 

12.  On  what  ground  may  it  be  the  duty  of  a  people  to  obey 
a  despotic  government? 

13.  In  what  way  may  a  government  established  by  fraud  of 
force  become  a  lawful  government? 

1  4.    When  did  the  Pilgrims  land  at  Plymouth? 

15.  By  whom  were  their  laws  made  at  first? 

16.  IIow  were  they  made  when  the  population  became  anore 
numerous? 

17.  Is  convenience  the  only  reason  for  choosing  representa 
tives  ? 

18.  What  other  reason  can  be  given? 

19.  When  and  where  did  the  first  legislative  assembly  meel 
In  America? 


OR   TEXT-BOOK   ON    GOVERNMENT.  27 

20.  In  wheat  respects  were  the  Colonial  governments  similar  I 

21.  What  powers  had  the  Colonial  legislatures  ? 

22.  By  whom  was  all  real  power  retained  ? 

23.  What  led  to  the  ^Revolution  ? 

jJ4.   What  state  recommended  a  meeting  of  delegates  from 
Jhe  Colonies  ? 
•<J5.   When  and  where  did  the  first  Congress  meet  ? 

26.  When  did  the  second  Congress  meet  ? 

27.  What  was  the  distinguishing  act  of  that  Congress  ? 

28.  What  measures  did  it  take  to  unite  the  states  ? 

29.  When  were  the  Articles  of  Confederation  adopted  by  all 
We  states  ? 

sJO.  Where  were  the  powers  of  the  Confederation  vested  ? 
61.   Of  how  many  houses  did  Congress  consist? 
52.   How  was  the  voting  done  ? 

33.  What  was  the  great  defect  of  the  Confederation  ? 

34.  Could  it  lay  and  collect  taxes  and  raise  soldiers  ? 

35.  What  could  it  do  when  money  and  men  were  wanted? 

36.  Who  took  the  lead  in  measures  for  forming  the  Consti 
tution? 

37.  When  and  where  did  the  Federal  Convention  meet? 

38.  With  what  purpose  did  a  majority  of  the  members  come 
together? 

39.  What  was  the  first  resolution  passed  by  the  Convention  f 

40.  What  did  they  then  proceed  to  do  ? 

41.  Was  the  formation  of  the  Constitution  a  work  of  diffi 
culty? 

42.  How  was  the  Constitution  adopted  ? 

43.  How  many  states  had  adopted  it  when  it  went  inte 
operation  ? 

44.  When  were  the  electors  for  President  chosen  ? 

45.  Who  was  the  first  President? 

46.  When  and  where  did  the  first  Congress  under  the  to'* 
etHution  meet? 


28  THE    YOUNG    CITIZEN'S    MANUAL, 


CHAPTER    VII. 

THE  NATURE  OF  THE  CONSTITUTION. 

1.  How  is  the  Constitution  divided  as  to  its  form  / 
It  is  divided  into  articles,  sections,  and  paragraph* 

2.  How  many  articles  did  the  Constitution  contain 
when  it  was  adopted? 

Seven. 

3.  How  many  have  since  been  added  as  amend* 
ments  ? 

Fifteen. 

4.  Are  these  amendments  as  much  a  part  of  the 
Constitution  as  the  original  articles  ? 

They  are. 

5.  Repeat  the  Preamble  of  the  Constitution  ? 
"We,  the  people  of  the  United  States,  in  order  to 

form  a  more  perfect  union,  establish  justice,  insure 
domestic  tranquillity,  provide  for  the  common  de 
fence,  and  promote  the  general  welfare,  and  secure 
the  blessings  of  liberty  to  ourselves  and  our  posterity, 
do  ordain  and  establish  this  Constitution  for  the 
United  States  of  America." 

6.  By  whom  was  the  Constitution  ordained  and 
established? 

By  the  people  of  the  United  States. 

7.  By  whom  then  can  the  Constitution  be  altered 
«>r  abolished '? 

By  the  people  of  the  United  States.* 

*  An  early  decision  of  the  Supreme  Court  declares,  "  The 
Constitution  of  the  United  States  was  ordained  and  established 
&ot  by  the  states  in  their  sovereign  capacity,  but  emphatically 
as  the  Constitution  declares,  by  4  the  people  of  the  United 
States.' " 


OR   TEXT-BOOK    ON   GOVERNMENT.  29 

8*  ~When  is  an  act  said  to  be  performed  by  tht 
people  of  the  United  States  ? 

When  it  is  performed  by  a  majority  of  the  peoplo, 

9.  Is  the  Constitution  a  league  between  the  States  ? 
No ;  it  is  the  fundamental  law  of  a  national  gov* 

irnment  for  the  people  of  the  United  States. 

10.  Why  may  not  a  state  withdraw  or  secede  from 
the  Union  f 

Because  the  Constitution  does  not  authorize  it. 

11.  Suppose  Congress  should  make  a  law  contrary 
to  th  i   Constitution,  may  not  the  people  of  a  statA 
declare  it  null  and  void? 

They  have  no  right  or  power  to  do  so. 

12.  What  would  be  the  remedy  in  case  Congress 
should  pass  such  a  law  f 

The  Supreme  Court  would  declare  it  null  and 
void. 

13.  By  what  authority  would  it  do  so  f 
By  authority  given  it  by  the  Constitution. 

14.  How  does  that  appear  f 

It  appears  from  the  express  language  of  the  Con 
stitution. 

15.  Quote  the  language  in  point. 

:t  This  Constitution  .  .  .  shall  be  the  supreme  law 
of  the  land,  and  the  judges  in  every  state  shall  be 
bound  thereby,  anything  in  the  Constitution  and 
laws  of  any  state  to  the  contrary  notwithstanding." 

16.  Sow  does  it  appear  that  the  Supreme  Court 
has  power  to  declare  laws  that  are  contrary  to  th« 
Constitution  null  and  void? 

The  Constitution  says,  "The  judicial  power  shall 
extend  to  all  oases  in  law  or  equity  arising  under  thii 
Constitution,  the  laws  of  the  United  States,"  &c. 


SO  THE   YOUNG    CITIZENS    MANUAL, 

1 7.  Does  the  Supreme  Court  decide  upon  the  con 
stitutionality  of  the  laws  before  they  go  into  operation1} 

It  does  not. 

18.  Can  any  one  who  deems  a  law  unconstitutiotv* 
al  refer  it  to  the  ^Supreme  Court  for  a  decision  ? 

lie  cannot.  In  order  that  the  court  may  pro 
nounce  a  decision  on  a  law,  it  must  be  legally  brougL  t 
before  the  court  in  a  case  to  be  adjudicated. 

19.  Is  the  decision  of  the  Supreme  Court  final? 
It  is. 

20.  Suppose  it  should  be  erroneous  ? 

There  is  no  help  for  it.  It  must  stand  till  reversed 
by  the  same  court,  or  by  an  amendment  to  the  Con* 
Btitution. 

21.  Can  the  states  be  properly  termed  sovereign 
states  ? 

They  cannot,  for  they  have  not  sovereign  power. 

22.  What  is  sovereign  power  f 

Sovereign  power  is  supreme  power ;  the  Constitu 
tion  is  the  supreme  law  of  the  land. 


CHAPTER    VIII. 

DTVJSTON      OP      POWERS.  —  CONGRESS.  —  HOUSE      OF 
REPRESENTATIVES. 

1.  How  are  the  powers  of  government  divided  by 
the  Constitution? 

They  are  divided  into  three  departments,  viz.,  the 
legislative,  the  judicial,  and  the  executive. 

2.  What  is  the  office  oj  the  legislative  department} 
To  make  the  laws. 


OR   TEXT-BOOK   ON   GOVERNMENT.  31 

8.    What  is  the  office  of  the  judicial  department  f 
To  interpret  and  apply  the  laws. 

4.  What  is  the  office  of  the  executive  department  f 
To  execute  the  laws. 

5.  Why  should  not  one  man  or  one  set  of  men 
make,  interpret,  and  execute  the  laws  f 

Experience  has  shown  that  there  is  greater  security 
(injustice  when  the  three  departments  of  government 
are  separate. 

6.  Should  the  different  departments  be  independent 
of  one  another  ? 

They  should  be  as  far  as  is  practicable. 

7.  Suppose  the  judges  were  dependent  on  the  ex- 
ecutivefor  their  offices  and  salaries  f 

They  might  be  tempted  to  consult  his  wishes 
rather  than  the  dictates  of  justice. 

8.  Is  it  practicable  to  make  the  different  depart 
ments   of  government  entirely  independent   of  on* 
another  f 

It  is  not. 

9.  What  constitutes  the  legislative  department  of 
the  government  of  the  United  States  f 

Congress. 

10.  Repeat  Art.  I.  Sec.  1  of  the  Constitution. 
"All  legislative  powers  herein  granted  shall   be 

vested  in  a  Congress  of  the  United  States,  which 
shall  consist  of  a  Senate*  and  House  of  Representa 
tives." 

11.  Why  should  Congress  consist  of  two  houses 
iistead  of  one  ? 

Two  houses  furnish  greater  security  for  wise  legis 
lation  ;  for  if  a  bill  passes  one  house  without  due  con- 
Biduration,  its  defects  may  be  discovered  in  the  othe? 
bouse. 


32  THE    YOUNG    CITIZEN'S    MANUAL, 

12.  How  is  the  House  of  Representatives  com 
posed  f 

"The  House  of  Representatives  shall  be  composed 
•>f  members  chosen  every  second  year  by  the  people 
of  the  several  states,  and  the  electors  in  each  state 
ihall  have  the  qualifications  requisite  for  electors  of 
llie  most  numerous  branch  of  the  state  legislature." 
-'-  Art.  I.  §  2.  1. 

13.  Why  should  not  the  representatives  be  elected 
for  one  year  instead  of  two  ? 

If  chosen  for  one  year  only,  the  members  would 
scarcely  become  familiar  with  their  duties  and  the 
mode  of  doing  business  before  their  term  of  service 
would  pxpire. 

14.  Why,  then,  was  not  a  longer  term  than  two 
years  fixed  upon  f 

The  term,  as  it  now  stands,  was  the  result  of  com 
promise  between  those  who  preferred  to  have  the 
representatives  elected  annually  and  those  who  pre 
ferred  to  have  them  elected  for  a  longer  period. 

15.  What  qualifications  are  required  for  a  repre 
sentative  f 

"No  person  shall  be  a  representative  who  shall  not 
have  attained  to  the  age  of  twenty-five  years,  and 
been  seven  years  a  citizen  of  the  United  States,  and 
who  shall  not,  when  elected,  be  an  inhabitant  of 
that  ntate  in  which  he  shflll  be  chosen."  —  Art.  I, 
\  fi.  2. 

16.  To  whom  is  reference  made  in  the  expression 
*  seven  years  a  citizen  of  the  United  States  "  f 

To  foreigners. 

17.  How  do  foreigners  become  citizens? 
By  becoming  naturalized  according  to  law 


OR    TEXT-BOOK    ON    GOVERNMENT.  33 

18.  Why  mutt  a  foreigner  be  a  citizen  for  seven 
years  before  /te  can  be  a  wpwue/itative  ? 

To  give  him  time  to  become  weaned  from  his  na 
tive  land,  ami  to  become  more  strongly  attached  to 
the  land  of  his  adoption. 

19.  Could  a  citizen  of  Boston  be  elected  a  repre- 
tentative  from  New  York? 

lie  could  not ;  because  the  Constitution  requires 
the  representative  to  be  an  inhabitant  of  the  state 
for  which  he  is  chosen. 

20.  What  are  congressional  districts  f 

Each  state  is  by  a  law  of  the  state  divided  into  as 
many  congressional  districts  as  it  has  representatives. 

21.  Does  the  Constitution  require  that  such  a  di 
vision  be  made  ? 

It  does  not. 

22.  Must  the  representative  be  an  inhabitant  of  the 
district  for  which  he  is  chosen? 

The  Constitution  does  not  require  it,  but  it  is  the 
established  custom. 

23.  How  are  representatives  apportioned  among 
the  states? 

"  Representatives  and  direct  taxes  shall  be  appor 
tioned  among  the  several  states  which  may  be  in 
cluded  within  this  Union,  according  to  their  respec 
tive  numbers,  which  shall  be  determined  by  adding 
to  the  whole  number  of  free  persons,  including  those 
bound  to  service  for  a  term  of  years,  and  excluding 
f u  iians  not  taxed,  three  fifths  of  all  other  persons." 
—  Art.  I.  §  2.  3. 

21.  What  is  meant  by  "  three  fifths  of  all  other 
persons  "  ? 

Slaves. 

25.   How  is  the  number  of  the  people  known  7 
3 


84  THE    YOUNG    CITIZEN'S    MANUAL, 

The  Constitution  requires  that  the  census  shall  be 
taken,  that  is,  that  the  people  shall  be  numbered, 
every  ten  years 

26.  What  is  the  constitutional  provision  as  to  tfa 
number  of  representatives  f 

"  The  number  of  representatives  shall  not  exceed 
one  for  every  thirty  thousand;  but  each  state  shall 
have  at  least  one  representative."  —  Art.  I.  §  2.  3. 

27.  As  the  population  has  increased,  has  the  ratio 
of  representatives  been  enlarged? 

Congress  has  from  time  to  time  enlarged  the  ratio 
to  prevent  the  house  from  having  too  many  members. 

28.  What  is  the  present  ratio  f 

One  representative  for  one  hundred  and  twenty- 
seven  thousand  inhabitants. 

29.  Do  the  representatives  vote  by  states  or  by  in 
dividuals  f 

Each  member  has  one  vote. 

30.  Suppose  a  representative  should  die  or  resign  ? 
"When  vacancies  happen  in   the   representation 

from  any  state,  the  executive  authority  thereof  shall 
issue  writs  of  election  to  fill  such  vacancies."  —  Art. 
f  .  §  2.  4.) 

31.  What  is  meant  by  the  executive  of  a  state  1 
The  governor. 

32.  Who  is  the  presiding  officer  of  the  House  of 


"The  House  of  Representatives  shall  choose  their 
Speaker  and  other,  officers,  and  shall  have  the  sole 
power  of  impeachment."  —  Art.  I.  §  2.  5.} 

33.    What  is  impeachment  ? 

A  formal  written  accusation  of  an  officer  under 
government  as  guilty  of  some  public  offence  or  mis 
demeanor 


OS   TEXT-BOOK   ON  GOVERNMENT.  35 

CHAPTER    IX. 

THE    SENATE. 

]     How  is  the  /Senate  composed  ? 

"  The  Senate  of  the  United  States  shall  be  com» 
posed  of  two  senators  from  each  state,  chosen  by  the 
legislature  thereof,  for  six  years;  and  each  senator 
shall  have  one  vote."  — Art.  I.  §  3.  1. 

2.  Why  are  senators  chosen  for  a  longer  period 
than  representatives  ? 

Because  they  have  duties  to  perform  which  are 
tL  >  ght  to  require  greater  experience. 

3.  What  are  some  of  those  duties  ? 

They  share  with  the  President  the  responsibility 
of  appointing  men  to  office,  and  are  connected  with 
him  in  managing  the  foreign  affairs  of  the  govern 
ment. 

4.  How  did  the  Constitution,  at  first,  require  tfl6 
Senate  to  be  divided  ? 

"Immediately  after  they  shall  be  assembled  in 
consequence  of  the  first  election,  they  shall  be  di 
vided  as  equally  as  may  be  into  three  classes.  The 
seats  of  the  senators  of  the  first  class  shall  be  vacated 
at  the  expiration  of  the  second  year ;  of  the  second 
class,  at  the  expiration  of  the  fourth  year;  and  of  the 
third  class,  at  the  expiration  of  the  sixth  year;  so  that 
one  third  may  be  chosen  every  second  year."  — 
Art.  I.  §3.  2. 

5.  What  was  the  design  of  this  provision  ? 

The  main  design  was  to  make  the  changes  in  thi 
Senate  gradual. 


36  THE    YOUNG    CITIZEN'S 

6.  Do  some  senators  now  serve  only  two  years}  ot 
do  all  serve  six  years. 

AM  senators  now  serve  for  six  years,  except  thoss 
who  may  be  chosen  to  fill  the  places  of  those  whose 
tt?rm  of  service  may  not  have  expired. 

7.  What  are  the  qualifications  for  a  senator  ? 

"  No  person  shall  be  a  senator  who  shall  not  have 
attained  to  the  age  of  thirty  years,  and  been  nine 
years  a  citizen  of  th.e  United  States,  and  who  shall 
not,  when  elected,  be  an  inhabitant  of  that  state  for 
which  he  shall  be  chosen."  —  Art.  I.  §  3.  3. 

8.  Have  the  small  states  as  much  power  in  the 
Senate  as  the  large  states? 

They  have,  because  each  has  two  senators,  and 
ihus  two  votes.* 

9.  Who  is  the  presiding  officer  of  the  Senate  ? 

"  The  Vice-President  of  the  United  States  shall  be 
President  of  the  Senate,  but  shall  have  no  vote  un 
less  they  be  equally  divided."  —  Art.  I.  §  3.  4. 

10.  Why  should  not  the  Senate  choose  one  of  their 
<  >wn  number  to  preside  ? 

It  would  interfere  with  the  equality  of  the  states 
»'n  the  Senate. 

11.  What  is  done  when  the  Vice- President  is  absent  ? 
"  The  Senate  shall  choose  their  other  officers,  and 

also  i  president  pro  tempore  in  the  absence  of  the 
vice-president,  or  when  he  shall  exercise  the  office  of 
! 'resident  of  the  United  States."  —  Art.  I.  §  3.  f>. 

*  This  provision  was  the  result  of  compromise.  Under  th« 
Confederation,  the  states  had  equal  power,  oach  state  having 
one  vote  ;n  Congress.  When  the  Constitution  was  funned, 
the  small  states  yielded  their  equality  in  the  He  use  a:id  re 
tained  it  in  the  Senate. 


OK    TEX  T-J50OK    ON    GOVERNMENT.  37 

12.  What  in  the  custom  of  the  Senate  in  regard 
to  the  choice  of  a  president  pro  tempore  ? 

The  Vice-President  vacates  the  senatorial  chair  g 
short  time  before  the  end  of  each  session,  in  ordei 
that  the  Senate  may  choose  a  president  pro  tempore^ 
who  is  thus  already  in  office  if  the  Vice-President  is 
called,  in  the  recess,  to  exercise  the  office  of  President, 

13.  Suppose  a  senator  should  die  or  resign  ? 

"  If  vacancies  happen  by  resignation  or  otherwise, 
daring  the  recess  of  the  legislature  of  any  state,  the 
executive  thereof  may  make  temporary  appointments 
until  the  next  meeting  of  the  legislature,  which  shall 
then  fill  such  vacancies."  —  Art.  I.  §  3.  2. 

14.  What  judicial  power  does  the  /Senate  possess  1 
"  The  Senate  shall  have  the  sole  power  to  try  all 

impeachments.     When  sitting  for  that  purpose,  they 
shall  be  on  oath  or  affirmation."  — Art.  I.  §  3.  6. 

15.  Where  is  the  power  of  impeachment  vested? 
In  the  House  of  Representatives. 

16.  Suppose  the  President  of  the   United  State* 
should  be  impeached  and  tried  1 

"When  the  President  of  the  United  States  is  tried, 
the  Chief-Justice  shall  preside ;  and  no  person  shall 
be  convicted  without  the  concurrence  of  two  thirds 
of  the  members  present."  —  Ait.  J.  §  3.  6. 

17.  Wliy  should  not   the    Vice- President  presidf 
when  the  President  is  tried? 

Because  he  would  succeed  to  the  office  of  Piexi 
dent  in  case  the  President  were  convicted  and  re 
moved  from  office. 

•     18.    Why  is  a  \\ote  of  two  thirds  required  to  con 
viet  a  man  ? 

It  is  an  additional  security  against  injustice. 


38  THE    YOUNG    CITIZEN^    MANUAL, 

19.  Suppose  the  impeached  person  is  f  omul  guilty \ 
what  punishment  can  be  inflicted  f 

"  Judgment  in  cases  of  impeachment  shall  not  ex 
tend  further  than  to  removal  from  office,  and  dis 
qualification  to  hold  and  enjoy  any  office  of  honor, 
trust,  or  profit  under  the  United  States;  but  the 
party  convicted  shall  nevertheless  be  liable  and  sub 
ject  to  indictment,  trial,  judgment,  and  punishment 
according  to  law."  —  Art.  I.  §  3.  7. 

20.  Suppose  the  President  of  the  United  States, 
or  some  other  civil  officer,  should  be  impeached  for 
treason  or  murder,  and  convicted,  could  he  be  pun 
ished  by  death  f 

Not  by  the  Senate :  the  Senate  could  only  remove 
him  from  office,  and  disfranchise  him.  He  could 
then  be  tried  by  a  court  of  law,  and  punished  like 
any  other  criminal. 


CHAPTER    X. 

MEETINGS    OP   CONGRESS. PRIVILEGES  OF  MEMBERS, 

1.  Who  determine  the  times,  places,  and  manner 
of  holding  elections  for  senators  and  representa* 
Hues  f 

"  The  times,  plates,  and  manner  of  holding  elec 
tions  for  senators  and  representatives  shall  be  pre 
scribed  in  each  state  by  the  legislature  thereof;  but 
Congress  may  at  any  time,  by  law,  make  or  alte? 
such  regulations,  except  as  to  the  place  of  choosing 
senators."  —  Art.  I.  §  4.  1. 


OB   TEXT-BOOK   ON   GOVERNMENT.  89 

2.  Sow  often  must  Congress  assemble? 

"The  Congress  shall  assemble  at  least  once  in 
every  -year,  and  such  meeting  shall  be  on  the  first 
Monday  in  December,  unless  they  shall  by  law  ap* 
point  a  different  day."  —  Art.  I.  §  4.  2. 

3.  Who  are  to  judge  of  the  elections,  returns,  an\\ 
qualifications  of  members  ? 

"  Each  house  shall  be  the  judge  of  the  elections, 
rctun  s,  and  qualifications  of  its  own  members."  — 
Art.  1.  §5  1. 

4.  /Suppose  two  persons  from  the  same  district 
claim  that  they  have  been  elected  representatives  for 
that  district  ? 

The  house  decides  which  is  entitled  to  a  seat. 

5.  How  large  a  number  of  each  house  constitutes 
a  quorum  ? 

"A  majority  of  each  shall  constitute  a  quorum  to 
do  business."  —  Art.  I.  §  5.  1. 

6.  Suppose  there  is  not  a  majority  present  ? 

"  A  smaller  number  may  adjourn  from  day  to  day, 
and  may  be  authorized  to  compel  the  attendance  of 
absent  members,  in  such  a  manner,  and  under  such 
penalties,  as  each  house  may  provide."  —  Art.  I.  §  5.  1. 

7.  Wh~  determine  the  rules  of  proceeding  in  each 


"  Each  house  may  determine  the  rules  of  its  pro 
ceedings,  punish  its  members  for  disorderly  conduct, 
and,  with  the  concurrence  of  two  thirds,  expel  a 
member."  —  Art.  I.  §  5.  2. 

8.    Wliat  are  the  rules  adopted  by  legislative  bodiet 
for  transacting  business  called? 
Parliamentary  law. 


THE    YOUNG    CITIZEN'S    MANUAL. 

9.  When  is  a  man  said  to  be  unparliamentary* 
When  he  does  not  observe  parliamentary  rules. 

10.  WJ-iat  does  the  Constitution  require  in  regard 
to  a  journal0* 

p    "Each  house  shall  keep  a  journal  of  its  proceed. 
gs,  and  from  time  to  time  publish  the  same,  ei< 
ceptmg  such  parts  as  may  in  their  judgment  req  lire 
secrecy."  —  Art.  I.  §  5.  3. 

11.    When  must  the  yeas  and  nays  be  entered  on 

the  journal? 

"The  yeas  and  nays  of  the  members  of  either  house 
on  any  question  shall,  at  the  desire  of  one  fifth  of 
those  present,  be  entered  on  the  journal."  —  Art.  J. 
§  5.  3. 

12.  Why  was  this  provision  ? 

That  it  may  be  known  how  every  member  votes 
on  a  question. 

13.  What  evil  may  result  from  this  provision  ? 

A  factious  minority  may,  by  calling  for  the  yeas 
an<}  ,,ays  on  every  question,  needlessly  consume 
time  and  impede  legislation. 

14.  What  is  theprovision  in  regard  to  adjournment? 
'  Neither  house,  during  the  session  of  Congress, 

shall,  without  the  consent  of  the  other,  adjourn  for 
moretiian  three  days,  nor  to  any  other  pla^e  than 
that  in  which  the  two  houses  shall  be  sitting  "- 
Art.  I.  §  5.  4. 

15.  Do  the  members  of  Congress  receive  compete 
sationfor  their  services? 

"The  senators  and  representatives  shall  receive  a 
compensation  for  their  services,  to  be  ascertained  by 
law,  and  paid  out  of  the  treasury  of  the  United 
States." —  Art.  I.  §  6.  1 


OB   TEXT-BOOK   ON   GOVERNMENT.  4 1 

16.  What  compensation  do  they  now  [1867]  re* 
ceive  f 

Five  thousand  dollars  a  year,  and  eight  dollars  for 
every  twenty  miles  travelled  in  going  to  and  return 
ing  from  the  seat  of  government. 

17.  What  are    the   constitutional  privileges   of 
members  of  Congress? 

"  They  shall,  in  all  cases,  except  treason,  felony, 
and  breach  of  the  peace,  be  privileged  from  arrest 
during  their  attendance  at  the  session  of  their  re 
spective  houses,  and  in  going  to  and  returning  from 
the  same ;  and  for  any  speech  or  debate  in  eithei 
house,  they  shall  not  be  questioned  in  any  other 
place."  — Art.  I.  §6.1. 

1 8.  Why  is  this  privilege  from  arrest  given  f 
That  the  constituents  may  not  be  deprived  of  the 

services  of  their  representative. 

19.  Suppose  a  member  uses  language  in  the  house 
which  would  subject  him  to  prosecution  if  uttered 
elsewhere  ? 

He  cannot  be  called  to  account  for  it  elsewhere. 

20.  Why  is  he  thus  protected  f 

In  order  that  there  may  be  perfect  freedom  of 
speech  in  debate. 

21.  To  what  offices  are  senators  and  representa 
tives  ineligible  ? 

"No  senator  or  representative  shall,  during  the 
time  for  which  he  was  elected,  be  appointed  to  any 
civil  office  under  the  authority  of  the  United  States, 
which  shall  have  been  created,  or  the  emoluments 
whereof  shall  have  been  increased,  during  such 
time."  — Art.  I.  §6.  2. 


*2  THE    YOUNG    CITIZENS   MANUAL, 

22.  What  is  the  object  of  this  provision  ? 

To  prevent  corruption  on  the  part  of  members  of 

Congress. 

23.  Can  any  one  holding  an  office  under  the  United 
States  be  a  member  of  Congress? 

"No  person  holding  any  office  under  the  United 
States  shall  be  a  member  of  either  house  during  his 
continuance  in  office."  —  Art.  I.  §  6.  2. 

24.  Suppose  an  officer  in  the  army  is  elected  to 

Congress  f 

^  He  must  resign  his  commission  before  he  can  take 
his  seat. 

25.  Why  is  this  required? 

That  the   different  departments  of  government 
may  be  kept  distinct. 


CHAPTER   XI. 

MODE    OP   PASSING   LAWS. 

1.  Where  must  revenue  bills  originate  f 

"All  bills  for  raising  revenue  shall  originate  in  the 
House  of  Representatives;  but  the  Senate  may  pro- 
poao  or  concur  with  amendments  as  on  other  bills  " 
—  Art.  I.  §  7.  1. 

2.  What  reason  can  be  given  for  this  f 

It  may  be  said  that  the  representatives  are  moro 
closely  connected  with  the  people  who  pay  the  taxes, 
and  therefore,  lulls  for  laying  ia~es  should  original* 
With  them 


OR   TEXT-BOOK   ON    GOVERNMENT, 


43 


3.    What  is  done  with  a  bill  when  it  has  passed 
both  houses  of  Congress  f 

"  Every  bill  which  shall  have  passed  the  House  of 
Representatives  and  the  Senate,  shall,  before  it  be 
come  a  law,  be  presented  to  the  President  of  the 
United  States.  If  he  approves,  he  shall  sign  it ;  but 
if  not,  he  shall  return  it,  with  his  objections,  to  that 
house  in  which  it  shall  have  originated,  who  Bhall 
enter  the  objections  at  large  on  their  journal,  and 
proceed  to  reconsider  it.  If,  after  such  reconsidera 
tion,  two  thirds  of  that  house  shall  agree  to  pass  the 
bill,  it  shall  be  sent,  together  with  the  objections,  to 
the  other  house,  by  which  it  shall  be  likewise  recon 
sidered,  and  if  approved  by  two  thirds  of  that  house, 
it  shall  become  a  law."  —  Art.  I.  §  7.  2. 

4.  How  shall  the  votes  in  such  cases  be  determined? 
"  In  all  such  cases  the  votes  of  both  houses  shall 

be  determined  by  yeas  and  nays,  and  the  names  of 
the  persons  voting  for  and  against  the  bill  shall  be 
entered  on  the  journal  of  each  house  respectively." 
—  Art.  I.  §7.2. 

5.  In  what  other  way  may  a  bill  become  a  law 
without  the  signature  of  the  President? 

"  If  any  bill  shall  not  be  returned  by  the  President 
within  ten  days  (Sundays  excepted)  after  it  sli»ll 
have  been  presented  to  him,  the  same  shall  be  a  law 
in  like  manner  as  if  he  had  signed  it,  unless  the  Con 
gress  by  their  adjournment  prevent  its  return,  in 
which  case  it  shall  not  be  a  law."  — Art.  I.  §  7.  2. 

6.  What  must  be  done  with  every  order,  resolution, 
or  vote  of  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  f 

"Every  order,  resolution,  or  vote,  to  which  the 
concurrence  of  the  Senate  and  House  of  Represent-*. 


44  THE   YOUNG    CITIZEN'S   MANUAL. 

tives  may  be  necessary  (except  on  a  question  of  ad 
journment),  shall  be  presented  to  the  President  of 
the  United  States ;  and  before  the  same  shall  take 
effect,  shall  be  approved  by  him,  or  being  disapproved 
by  him,  shall  be  repassed  by  two  thirds  of  the  Senate 
and  House  of  Representatives,  according  to  the  rules 
and  limitations  prescribed  in  the  case  of  a  bill"— 
Art.  I.  §  7.  3. 

7.    WJiat  is  the  object  of  this  provision  9 
To  prevent  Congress  from  passing  a  law,  under 
the  name  of  an  order  or  resolution,  without  the  con 
sent  of  the  President. 

^  8.     What  is  the  power  of  the  President  to  nega 
tive  laws  called  ? 
The  veto  power. 

9.  WJiy  should  he  possess  it  ? 

It  is  an  additional  security  against  the  enactment 
of  rash  and  improper  laws. 

10.  Can  the  President  defeat  a  measure  that  u  of 
vital  importance  to  the  country  ? 

He  can,  unless  two  thirds  of  ooth  houses  vote  to 
pass  it. 


QUESTIONS  FOR  REVIEW. 

NATURE   OF  THE    CONSTITUTION,    ETC. 

1.  Is  the  Constitution  a  league  of  sovereign  States  ? 

2.  What  was  it  designed  to  form?      Ana.    A   national 
government, 

8.  By  whom  was  it  ordained  and  established  . 

4.  By  whom  can  it  be  changed  or  abolished*? 

5.  Who  is  to  decide  as  to  the  constitutionality  of  acts  01 
Congress  ? 


JB    TEXT-BOOK    ON    GOVERNMENT.  49 

6.  How   ire  the  powers  of  government  divided  by  the  Con« 
Btitution  ? 

7.  Wha\  is  the  duty  of  the  legislative  department? 

8.  What  is  the  duty  of  the  judicial  department? 

9.  What  is  the  duty  of  the  executive  department? 

10.  Where  is  the  legislative  power  placed  by  the  Consti 
tition? 

11.  How  is  Congress  composed? 

12.  Why  are  two  houses  of  Congress  better  than  one? 

13.  How  is  the  House  of  Representatives  composed? 

14.  What  are  the  qualifications  of  members  ? 

15.  How  are  representatives  apportioned  among  the  states? 

16.  What  is  the  present  ratio  of  representation? 

17.  Suppose  a  state  has  less  than  that  number  of  inhabitants  1 

18.  What  is  done  when  vacancies  occur  in  the  representa 
tion  from  any  state  ? 

19.  Who  presides  over  the  House  of  Representatives  ? 

20.  Who  decide  cases  of  contested  elections  ? 

21.  Who  decide  cases  of  contested  elections  in  the  Senate? 

22.  Where  is  the  power  of  impeachment  vested  ? 

23.  What  is  an  impeachment  ? 

24.  By  whom  are  impeachments  tried  ? 

25.  How  is  the  Senate  composed? 

26.  Why  are  senators  chosen  for  a  longer  time  than  repre 
sentatives  ? 

27.  Why  do  not  all  the  senators  go  out  of  office  at  the  same 
lime? 

28.  What  are  the  qualifications  for  senators  ? 

29.  Who  is  the  presiding  officer  of  the  Senate  ? 

80.  Suppose  vacancies  occur  in  the  representation  of  a  state  ? 
31    What  judicial  power  does  the  Senate  possess? 
32.  Who  would  preside  if  the  President  of  the  United  States 
should  be  tried? 

33    What  punishment  can  follow  conviction  on  impeachment? 

34.  How  often  must  Congress  meet? 

35.  What  constitutes  a  quorum  of  each  house? 

86.  When  may  the  yeas  and  nays  be  called  for? 

87.  What  is  the  compensation  of  members  of  Congress? 


46 


THE    YOUNG   CITIZENS   MANUAL, 


88.  What  are  the  privileges  of  members  ? 

39.  To  what  offices  are  they  ineligible? 

40.  May  a  member  of  Congress  hold  any  office  under  lh% 
government  of  the  United  States. 

41.  May  an  officer  in  the  army  have  a  seat  in  Congress? 

42.  State  the  mode  of  passing  laws  ? 

43.  What  is  done  if  the  President  refuses  to  sign  a  bill  ? 

44.  What  is  the  veto  power? 


CHAPTER   XII. 

POWEES   OF   CONGKE8S. 

1.  What  is  the  power  of  Congress  in  respect  to 
taxation  f 

"Congress  shall  have  power  to  lay  and  collect 
taxes,  duties,  imposts,  and  excises,  to  pay  the  debts 
and  provide  for  the  common  defence  and  general 
welfare  of  the  United  States;  but  all  duties,  imposts, 
and  excises  shall  be  uniform  throughout  the  United 
States." —  Art.  I.  §  8.  1. 

2.  What  are  duties  and  imposts  f 

Taxes  levied  on  goods  upon  their  importation 
from  a  foreign  country. 

3.  What  are  excises  f 

Taxes  levied  upon  goods  manufactured,  or  sold,  or 
naed  in  a  country. 

4.  .For  what  objects  is  it  here  stated  that  taxet 
may  be  laid? 

"  To  pay  the  debts  and  provide  for  the  common 
defence  and  general  welfare  of  the  United  States." 


OB    TEXT-bOOK    ON    GOVERNMNET.  47 

5.  Has  Congress  power  to  lay  duties  in  order  ta 
Detect  and  foster  dcmestic  manufactures  f 

Repeated  decisions  of  the  Supreme  Court  have 
settled  this  question  in  the  affirmative. 

6.  What  is  the  second  power  of  Congress  men* 
turned  in  the  eighth  section  of  the  first  Article  of  the 
Constitution  ? 

'*  To  borrow  money  on  the  credit  of  the  United 
States." 

7.  Why  is  Congress  empowered  to  borrow  money  1 
Because   there   are   times  —  especially  when   the 

country  is  engaged  in  war  — when  the  expenses 
would  be  too  great  to  be  met  by  the  usual  means  of 
income  with  sufficient  promptness. 

8.  What  is  the  third  power? 

"  To  regulate  commerce  with  foreign  nations,  and 
among  the  several  states,  and  with  the  Indian 
tribes." 

9.  Why  should  Congress  possess  this  power  f 

In  order  to  prevent  encroachments  on  our  com 
merce  by  foreign  nations,  and  in  order  that  the 
regulations  may  be  uniform  throughout  the  United 
States. 

10.  What  is  a  tariff? 

A  law  imposing  duties  or  taxes  on  goods  imported 
from  foreign  countries. 

11.  What  is  a  revenue  tariff? 

A  tariff  having  for  its  sole  object  the  raising  of 
money  for  the  government. 

12.  What  is  a  protective  tariff? 

A  tariff  which  has  for  its  object  the  encourage- 
ment  of  domestic  products  and  manufactures. 


48  THE    YOUNG   CITIZEN'S   MANUAL, 

13.  How  are  tariff  duties  collected? 

The  law  requires  all  foreign  goods  to  be  lauded  a) 
ceitain  ports,  called  ports  of  entry,  and  at  every  port 
of  entry  a  collector  is  appointed  to  receive  the  dutios 
lovied  by  law  on  goods  imported. 

1 4.  What  is  a  custom-house  f 

The  custom-house  is  the  building  in  which  the 
collect Dr  and  his  assistants  transact  the  business  of 
the  revenue. 

15.  What  is  the  fo urth  po-wer  f 

"  To  establish  a  uniform  rule  of  naturalization,  and 
uniform  laws  on  the  subject  of  bankruptcies,  through 
out  the  United  States." 

16.  What  are  naturalization  laws  f 

Laws  regulating  the  manner  in  which  foreigners 
may  become  citizens  of  the  United  States. 

17.  How  may  a  foreigner  become  a  citizen? 

He  must  go  before  a  court,  and  declare  upon  oatb 
his  intention  to  become  a  citizen. 

18.  How  long  before  his  admission  as  a  citizen 
must  thif,  declaration  be  made  f 

Two  years. 

19.  What  must  he  do  at  the  end  of  the  two  years  / 
lie  must  go  before  the  court  and  take  an  oath  to 

support  the  Constitution,  and  renounce  his  allegiance 
ID  all  other  governments. 

20.  How  long  must  he  live  in  tJie  United  State 
bt/bre  he  can  become  a  citizen  f- 

Five  years. 

21.  What  are  bankrupt  laws  f 

Laws  discharging  insolvent  debtors  from  the  legal 
obligation  to  pay  thdr  debts. 

22.  What  is  the  fifth  power? 


OB    TEXT-BOOK    ON    GOVERNMENT.  49 

"To  coin  money,  regulate  the  value  thereof  and 
of  foreign  coin,  and  fix  the  standard  of  weights  and 
measures." 

23.  Why  was  this  power  given  to  Congress  f 

In  order  that  the  coin  and  the  standard  of  weights 
aud  measures  may  be  uniform  throughout  the  United 
States. 

24.  What  is  the  sixth  power  f 

"To  provide  for  the  punishment  of  counterfeiting 
the  securities  and  current  coin  of  the  United  States." 

25.  What  is  the  seventh  power  f 

"  To  establish  post  offices  and  post  roads." 

26.  WJiy  was  this  power  given  f 

In  no  other  way  could  a  harmonious  postal  sys 
tem  embracing  all  the  states  be  secured. 

27.  What  is  the  eighth  power  ? 

"  To  promote  the  progress  of  s  ience  and  the  use 
ful  arts,  by  securing  for  limited  ti  mes  to  authors  and 
inventors  the  exclusive  right  *o  their  respective 
writings  and  discoveries." 

28.  What  laws  have  been  passed  under  this  power  ? 
Copyright  and  patent  laws. 

29     What  is  a  copyright  law  f 

A  law  securing  for  a  limited  time  to  authors  the 
exclusive  right  to  publish  and  sell  their  works  in  the 
United  States. 

30.  For  what  length  of  time  does  the  law  now  in 
force  secure  to  authors  this  right  f 

Twenty-eight  years. 

31.  Wliat  is  a  patent  law  ? 

A  law  securing  for  a  limited   time   to   inventors 
the  exclusive  right  to  manufacture  and  sell  the  ID 
vention  in  the  United  States. 
4 


60  THE    YOUNG    CITIZEN'S    MANUAL, 

32.  What  is  the  ninth  power  f 

u  To  constitute  tribunals  inferior  to  the  Supremi 
Court." 

33.  What  is  the  tenth  power  f 

"  To  define  and  punish  piracies  and  felonies  com« 
mitted  on  the  high  seas,  and  offences  against  the 
law  of  nations." 

34.  What  is  the  eleventh  power  ? 

"  To  declare  war,  grant  letters  of  marque  and  re 
prisal,  and  make  rules  concerning  captures  on  land 
and  water." 

35.  What  are  letters  of  marque  and  reprisal  ? 
Commissions  granted  by  a  government  to  one  or 

more  of  its  citizens  to  seize  the  property  of  an  enemy. 

36.  What  are  vessels  sailing  under  such  commis 
sions  called  ? 

Privateers. 


CHAPTER    XIII. 

POWERS   OP   CONGRESS   CONTINUED. 

1.  What  is  the  twelfth  power  conferred  on  Con* 
gress  by  the  Constitution? 

"To  raise  and  support  armies;  but  no  appropria 
tion  of  money  to  that  use  shall  be  for  a  longer  term 
than  two  years." 

2.  Why  this  restriction  in  regard  to  time  ? 

That  the  people,  if  they  do  not  approve  of  the 
war,  may  put  an  end  to  it  ty  electing  new  repre 
sentatives  who  will  refofle  to  vote  money  for  carrying 
it  on, 


OK    TEXT-BOOK    ON    GOVERNMENT.  5 1 

3.  What  are  the  thirteenth  and  fourteenth  powers! 
"To  provide  and  maintain  a  navy;  to  make  rule* 

lor  the  government  and  regulation  of  the  land  and 
naval  forces." 

4.  What  is  the  fifteenth  power  ? 

"  To  provide  for  calling  forth  the  militia  to  execute 
the  laws  of  the  Union,  suppress  insurrections,  and 
repel  invasions." 

5 .  What  is  the  sixteenth  power  f 

u  To  provide  for  organizing,  arming,  and  disciplin 
ing  the  militia,  and  for  governing  such  part  of  them 
as  may  be  employed  in  the  service  of  the  United 
States,  reserving  to  the  states  respectively  the  ap 
pointment  of  the  officers,  and  the  authority  of  train 
ing  the  militia  according  to  the  discipline  prescribed 
by  Congress." 

6.  Why  should  Congress  have  power  to  prescribe 
the  rules  for  training  the  militia  ? 

That  there  may  be  that  uniformity  of  organization 
and  discipline  which  is  necessary  to  the  highest 
efficiency  when  called  into  active  service. 

7.  Why  is  the  right  to  appoint  the  officers  of  tht 
militia  reserved  to  the  states  ? 

To  prevent  jealousy  of  the  general  government  on 
the  part  of  the  state  governments. 

8.  Wherein  does  the  regular  army  ef  the  United 
States  differ  from  the  militia? 

The  regular  army  consists  of  men  enlisted  and 
officered  by  the  authority  of  the  United  States,  and 
are  under  its  exclusive  control ;  while  the  militia  are 
nnder  the  control  of  the  several  states,  except  when 
called  into  the  service  of  the  United  States. 


62  THE    YOUNG    CITIZKN's    MANUAL, 

9.    What  is  the  power  of  Conyress  over  the 
trict  tf  Columbia  ? 

"To  exercise  exclusive  legislation,  in  all  cases 
whatsoever,  over  such  district  (not  exceeding  ten 
miles  square)  as  may,  by  cession  of  particular  states 
win  i  ho  acceptance  of  Congress,  become  the  seat  of 
government  ;>f  the  United  States,  and  to  exercise 
like  authority  over  all  places  purchased  by  the  con 
sent  of  the  legislature  of  the  state  in  which  the  same 
shall  be,  for  the  erection  of  forts,  magazines,  arsenal?, 
dock-yards,  and  other  needful  buildings."  —  Art  1. 
§  8.  17. 

1 0.  What  can  be  said  in  favor  of  these  provisions  f 
Complete  control  of  the  seat   of  government  is 

necessary  to  the  independence  of  Congress,  and  the 
property  of  the  Union  should  not  be  subject  to  the 
control  of  any  one  of  the  states. 

11.  What  is  the  eighteenth  power  mentioned? 

"  To  make  all  laws  necessary  and  proper  for  carry 
ing  into  execution  the  foregoing  powers,  and  ail 
other  powers  vested  by  this  Constitution  in  the 
government  of  the  United  States,  or  in  any  depart 
ment  or  officer  thereof."  —  Art.  I.  §  8.  18. 

12.  Has  Congress  power  to  charter  a  national 
bank  or  banks  f 

It  has.  A  national  bank  was  chartered  during 
{he  first  administration  of  Washington,  and  another 
during  the  administration  of  Madison. 

13.  Was  the  constitutionality  of  those  acts  ques 
tioned? 

It  was;  but  two  decisions  of  the  Supreme  Court 
settled  the  question  in  the  affirmative. 


OR   TEXT-BOOK    ON   GOVERNMENT.  53 

14.  When  were  ih<e  national  banks  now  in  exist 
ence  chartered? 

They  are  the  result  of  "An  Act  to  provide  a  na» 
tional  currency,  secured  by  a  pledge  of  United  States 
Blocks,  and  to  provide  for  the  circulation  and  redemp 
tion  thereof,"  passed  by  Congress  in  1863. 


QUESTIONS    FOR    REVIEW. 

POWERS   OF  CONGRESS. 

1.  What  is  the  power  of  Congress  limited  by? 

2.  What  is  the  power  of  Congress  as  to  taxation  ? 

3.  Can  it  lay  and  collect  taxes  for  any  object  whatever? 

4.  Could  the  Congress  of  the  Confederation  l§y  and  collect 
taxes  ? 

5.  What  are  duties  and  imposts  ? 

6.  What  are  excises? 

7.  Can  Congress  impose  higher  duties  at  New  York  than 
at  Boston  ? 

8.  Why  not? 

9.  Where  are  duties  collected? 

10.  Who  can  borrow  money  on  the  credit  of  the  United 
States  ? 

11.  What  does  the  money  thus  borrowed  constitute?    Ait 
The  national  debt. 

12.  Who  can  regulate  foreign  and  domestic  commerce  ? 

13.  Had  the  Congress  of  the  Confederation  power  to  regts 
late  commerce? 

1 4 .  Have  the  state  governments  this  power  ? 

15.  What  duties  can  the  state  legislatures  lay?    See  Art,  1 
5  10.  2. 

16.  What  is  a  tariff ? 

17.  What  is  a  revenue  tariff? 


54  THE   YOUNG    CITIZEN'S    MANUAL, 

18.  What  is  a  protective  tariff? 

19.  Can  Congress  pass  a  protective  tariff? 

20.  What  is  an  alien? 

21.  How  can  foreigners  become  citizens? 

22.  What  are  bankrupt  laws ! 

23    Who  have  power  to  pass  such  laws  ? 

24 .  Who  can  coin  money  ? 

25.  Can  the  states  coin  money? 

26.  Why  is  the  power  to  coin  money  and  fix  the  standard 
«f  weights  and  measures  exclusive  with  Congress  ? 

27.  Who  can  establish  post  offices  and  post  roads  ? 

28.  Can  a  state  establish  a  postal  system  within  its  limits  ? 

29.  What  are  copyright  laws  ? 

30.  What  are  patent  laws  ? 

31.  Why  is  the  power  to  pass  such  laws  vested  in  Congress  ? 

32.  By  whom  may  war  be  declared? 

33.  For  how  long  a  time  may  appropriations  of  money  for 
carrying  it  on  be  made  ? 

34.  Why  this  restriction  ? 

35.  Can  the  Senate  introduce  a  bill  for  revenue  ? 

36.  Can  it  introduce  all  other  bills  ? 

37.  Where  is  the  power  to  build  a  navy  placed? 

38.  What  are  letters  of  marque? 

39.  Can  a  state  grant  letters  of  marque  ? 

40.  When  can  the  militia  be  called  out  by  the  United  States  ? 

41.  Can  the  militia  be  called  out  by  the  executive  of  a  state 
to  execute  the  state  laws? 

42    Over  what  territory  has  Congress  exclusive  jurisdiction  f 

43.  Can  Congress  charter  a  national  bank? 

44.  Haj  the  Supreme  Court  decided  this  question? 


OS   TEXT-BOOK   ON    GOVERNMENT.  55 

CHAPTER   XIV. 

PROHIBITIONS   ON   THE    UNITED    STATES. 

1.  Why  does  the   Constitution   contain  prohibi* 
ft  -  <ns  on  the  United  States  f 

As  the  national  government  is  one  of  limited 
powers,  it  is  proper  to  state  what  it  cannot  do. 

2.  Repeat  the  paragraph  of  the  Constitution  re 
lating  to  the  slave  trade. 

"  The  migration  or  importation  of  such  persons  as 
any  of  the  states  now  existing  shall  think  proper  to 
admit  shall  not  be  prohibited  by  Congress  prior  to 
the  year  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  eight ;  but 
a  tax  or  duty  may  be  imposed  on  such  importation, 
not  exceeding  ten  dollars  for  each  person."  —  Art.  I. 
§9.1. 

3.  Did  some  tf  the  framers  of  the  Constitution 
wish  to  abolish  the  slave  trade  at  once? 

They  did.  Among  them  were  some  of  the  leading 
statesmen  of  Virginia  and  other  southern  states. 

4.  ^VJien  was  it  abolished? 

A  law  was  passed  in  1804,  prohibiting  its  continu 
ance  after  1808. 

5.  When  may  the  writ  of  habeas  corpus  be  sus 
pended  f 

"The  privilege  of  the  writ  of  habeas  corpus  shall 
not  be  suspended,  unless  when,  in  cases  of  rebellion 
or  invasion,  the  public  safety  may  require  it."  — 
Art.  I.  §  10.  2. 


66  THE    YOUNG    CITIZEN'S    MANUAL, 

6.  What  is  meant  by  a  writ  of  habeas  corpus  f 
It  is  an  order,  issued  by  a  judge  or  court,  com. 

manding  the  person  having  another  in  custody  or  in 
prison,  to  bring  the  prisoner  before  him.  If  the  pris 
oner  is  illegally  or  improperly  in  custody,  the  judge 
frill  discharge  him. 

7.  What  is  the  great  value  of  the  habeas  ?orpus  ¥ 
It  is  a  safeguard  against  illegal  imprisonment. 

8.  By  whom  may  the  writ  of  habeas  corpus  be 
suspended? 

The  Constitution  does  not  say.  During  the  late 
rebellion  it  was  suspended  by  the  President,  and  his 
act  was  afterwards  sanctioned  by  Congress. 

9.  What  is  a  bill  of  attainder  f 

An  act  of  the  legislature  inflicting  capital  punish 
ment  on  persons  supposed  to  be  guilty  of  high 
offences,  such  as  treason  and  felony,  without  any 
trial  by  a  court  of  justice. 

10.  W hat  is  an  ex  post  facto  law  f 

A  law  making  an  act  criminal  which  was  not 
criminal  when  it  was  performed. 

1 1.  Can  Congress  pass  such  laws  ? 

"  No  bill  of  attainder,  or  ex  post  facto  law,  shall 
be  passed."  —  Art.  I.  §  9.  3. 

12.  Why  this  prohibition  f 

Because  great  injustice  could  be  done  if  an  act, 
which  was  not  a  crime  when  it  was  performed,  could 
afterwards  be  declared  to  be  a  crime. 

13.  What  is  the  restriction  as  to  taxes? 

"  No  capitation  or  other  direct  tax  shall  be  laid, 
unless  in  proportion  to  the  census  or  enumeration 
hereinbefore  directed  to  be  taken."  —  Art.  L  §  9.  4. 


OR  TEXT- BOOK  ON  GOVERNMENT.        57 

14.  What  is  a  capitation  tax  ¥ 

A  poll  tax ;  that  is,  a  uniform  tax  on  individuals 
Without  regard  to  the  unequal  value  of  their  property. 

15.  "What  is  said  respecting  taxes  on  exports? 

"  No  tax  or  duty  shall  be  laid  on  articles  exported 
oin  any  state.  No  preference  shall  be  given,  by 
any  regulation  of  commerce  or  revenue,  to  the  porta 
^f  one  state  over  another;  nor  shall  vessels  bound  to 
or  from  one  state  be  obliged  to  enter,  clear,  or  pay 
duties  in  another."  —  Art.  I.  §  9.  5. 

16.  What  was  the  design  of  these  provisions  f 
To  give  a  national  character  to  the  Union  of  the 

states  by  forbidding  state  preferences  or  superiori 
ties. 

17.  Can  Congress  lay  an  export  duty  on  cotton? 
It  cannot,  for  it  cannot  lay  a  tax  on  any  article 

exported  from  any  state. 

18.  Can  Congress  lay  a  tax  of  any  kind  upon 
cotton  f 

It  can  lay  a  tax  on  its  production,  just  as  it  can 
lay  a  tax  on  the  production  of  any  other  article. 

19.  Give  an  example  of  a  tax  on  production. 
Congress  has  laid  a  tax  on  every  gallon  of  whiskey 

distilled,  and  on  every  gallon  of  oil  refined  ;  and  BO 
it  may  lay  a  tax  on  every  bale  of  cotton  produced  or 
sold. 

20.  What  is  said  respecting  drawing  money  from 
the  treasury  f 

"  No  money  shall  be  drawn  from  the  treasury  but 
in  consequence  of  appropriations  made  by  law;  and 
a  regular  statement  and  account  of  the  receipts  and 
expenditures  of  all  public  money  shall  be  published 
from  time  to  time."  —  Art.  I.  §  9  6. 


58  THE    YOUNG    CITIZEN'S    MANUAL, 

21.  Who  has  thus  the  general  control  of  the  publit 
purse? 

Congress. 

22.  Who  has  the  immediate  control  of  it  f 
Tho  Secretary  of  the  Treasury. 

23.  Who  has  the  money  of  the  United  States  in 
his  keeping? 

The  Treasurer  of  the  United  States. 

24.  Where  is  the  Treasury? 

At  Washington. 

25.  Is  all  the  money  of  the  United  States  kept  at 
Washington  ? 

There  are  Sub-Treasuries  and  Sub-Treasurers  in 
the  principal  cities  of  the  Union. 

26.  Why  must  an  account  of  the  receipts  ana 
expenditures  be  published? 

In  order  that  the  people  may  know  what  is  done 
with  their  money. 

27.  What  is  said  respecting  titles  of  nobility  f 
"No   title   of  nobility  shall   be   granted    by  the 

United  States ;  and  no  person  holding  any  office  of 
profit  or  trust  under  them  shall,  without  the  consent 
of  Congress,  accept  of  any  present,  emolument,  office, 
or  title  of  any  kind  whatsoever  from  any  king,  prince, 
or  foreign  state."  —  Art.  I.  §  9.  7. 

28.  What  was  the  design  of  these  provisions  ? 
To  preserve  the  equality  of  citizens  necessary  in  a 

republic,  and  to  guard  against  foreign  influence  ovei 
the  public  servants  of  the  United  States. 


OB   TEXT-BOOK    ON    GOVERNMENT.  69 

CHAPTER    XV. 

PROHIBITIONS   ON   THE    STATES. 

1.  WJiy  are  there  prohibitions  on  the  states? 

To  prevent  them  from  interfering  with  the  opera- 
tions  of  the  national  government  when  exercising 
the  powers  conferred  on  it  by  the  Constitution. 

2.  What  are  some  of  the  prohibitions  on  the 
states  f 

"  No  state  shall  enter  into  any  treaty,  alliance,  or 
confederation  ;  grant  letters  of  marque  and  reprisal ; 
coin  money;  emit  bills  of  credit ;  make  anything  but 
gold  and  silver  coin  a  legal  tender  in  payment  of 
debts;  pass  any  bill  of  attainder,  ex  post  facto  law, 
or  law  impairing  the  obligation  of  contracts ;  or  grant 
any  title  of  nobility."  —  Art.  I.  §  10.  1. 

3.  What  are  bills  of  credit  ? 

Notes  issued  by  the  government  intended  fco  cir 
culate  as  money. 

4.  What  does  this  clause  of  the  Constitution  pro 
hibit? 

It  prohibits  the  emission  of  any  paper  medium  by 
a  state  government  for  the  purpose  of  common  cir 
culation. 

5.  Can    Congress  make  anything  but  gold  and 
iilver  coin  a  legal  tender  for  the  payment  of  debts? 

The  Constitution  does  not  forbid  Congress  to 
do  it.* 

*  An  act  of  Congress,  passed  1862,  made  United  Statei 
treasury  notes  a  legal  tender. 


60  THE  TOUXG  CITIZEN'S  MANUAL, 

6.  What  is  meant  by  impairing  the  obligation  of 
contracts  f 

Any  law  which  enlarges,  abridges,  or  in  any  man 
ner  changes  the  intention  of  the  parties  who  made  it 

7.  How  extensive  is  the  meaning  of  the  term  ucon» 
tract"  as  here  used? 

It  includes  legislative  grants,  charters,  and  com 
pacts  between  states. 

8.  Can  a  state  pass  a  bankrupt  law  f 
It  cannot. 

9.  Why  not  f 

Because  such  a  law  would  be  one  impairing  the 
obligation  of  contracts. 

10.  What  laws  in  relation  to  discharging  the  ob 
ligation  of  debtors  may  a  state  pass  f 

Laws  discharging  such  contracts  only,  as  are  made 
after  the  passing  of  such  laws,  and  such  as  are  made 
within  the  state  between  citizens  of  the  same  state. 

11.  Mention   some  further  prohibitions   on   the 
states. 

"  No  state  shall,  without  the  consent  of  Congress, 
lay  any  imposts  or  duties  on  imports  or  exports,  ex 
cept  what  may  be  absolutely  necessary  for  executing 
its  inspection  laws."  —  Art.  I.  §  10.  2 

12.  What  are  inspection  laws? 

Laws  requiring  goods  to  be  examined  by  public 
officers,  that  their  quality  may  be  ascertained  ? 

18.    Suppose  such  duties  are  laid  bij  a  state. 

"  The  net  produce  of  all  duties  and  imposts  laid 
by  any  state  on  imports  or  exports  shall  bo  for  the 
use  of  the  treasury  of  the  United  States ;  and  all 
eucli  laws  shall  be  subject  to  the  revision  and 
trol  of  Congress."  —  Art.  I.  §  10.  2. 


OB   1EXV-EOOK   ON   GOVERNMENT.  61 

14.  What  prohibitions  are  there  in  regard  to  ton* 
nage,  troops,  etc.  ? 

"  No  state  shall,  without  the  consent  of  Congress^ 
lay  any  duty  on  tonnage,  keep  troops  or  ships  of 
war  in  time  of  peace,  enter  into  any  agreement  or 
compact  with  another  state,  or  with  a  foreign  power, 
or  engage  in  war,  unless  actually  invaded,  or  in  such 
imminent  danger  as  will  not  admit  of  delay."  —  Art 
I.  §  10.  2. 

15.  What  is  a  tonnage  duty  ? 

A  tax  laid  upon  vessels  in  proportion  to  their  ton 
nage. 

16.  What  can  be  said  in  favor  of  these  restric 
tions  on  the  states  f 

They  are  necessary,  in  order  that  there  may  be  no 
interference  by  the  states  with  the  exercise  of  those 
powers  of  the  national  government  which  relate  to 
the  common  interests  of  all  the  states. 

17.  What  is  one  of  the  characteristic  powers  of  a 
sovereign  state  f 

The  power  to  make  treaties  with  other  states  and 
nations. 

18.  Does  any  one  of  the  United  States  possess 
this  power  f 

No;  because  the  Constitution  says,  "No  state  tihaJl 
enter  into  any  agreement  or  compact  with  aDOthei 
•tale  or  a  foreign  power." 


62  THE    YOUNG   CITIZEN'S   MANUAL, 

QUESTIONS   FOR   REVIEW. 

PROHIBITIONS    ON   CONGRESS    AND    THE    STATES. 

1.  Was  the  slave  trade  in  operation  when  the  Ccnstitutici 
<*  as  formed  ? 

2.  How  long  did  the  Constitution  permit  it  to  exist  ? 

3.  What  is  the  writ  of  habeas  co>  pus  ? 

4.  When  may  it  be  suspended? 

5.  What  is  the  effect  of  such  suspension? 

6.  What  is  a  bill  of  attainder  ? 

7.  What  is  an  ex  post  facto  law? 

8.  Why  is  Congress  prohibited  from  passing  such  laws  ? 

9.  Can  Congress  lay  a  tax  on  exports  ? 

10.  Can  a  state  lay  such  a  tax  ? 

11.  In  what  way  may  Congress  lay  a  tax  upon  cotton? 

12.  Can  Congress  give  the  ports  of  one  state  any  advantage! 
over  those  of  another  ? 

13.  Why  not? 

14.  How  can  money  be  drawn    from   the  United    States 
treasury  ? 

15.  Who  has  the  general  charge  of  the  finances  of  the 
government  ? 

16.  Who  has  the  immediate  charge  of  the  public  money  ? 

17.  What  is  a  Sub-Treasury? 

18.  Can  Congress  confer  any  title  of  nobility? 

19.  Who  confers  titles  of  nobility  in  Great  Britain?    Ant 
The  king. 

20.  Can  an  ambassador  to  England  accept  a  preseit  fro  a? 
the  queen? 

21.  Why  not? 

22.  What  is  a  legal  tender? 

23.  What  only  can  the  states  make  a  legal  tender? 

24.  Can  the  United   States   make    anything    else   R  legal 
tender  ? 

26.  What  ha?e  they  made  a  legal  tender? 


OB    TEXT-BOuK    ON    GOVERNMENT.  S 

26.  Can  a  state  issue  treasury  notes  to  circulate  as  money  ? 

27.  Can  a  state  form  a  league  with  another  state  or  states  ? 

28.  What  clause  in  the  Constitution  forbids  it? 

29.  Can  the  legislature  pass  a  law  declaring  a  man  guilty 
of  a  crime,  and  inflict  punishment  upon  him? 

30.  Why  not? 

31.  Suppose  a  man  has  contracted  a  debt,  can  the  leghla 
lore  of  a  state  release  him  from  the  legal  obligation  to  pay  it! 

32.  Why  not? 

33.  Do  not  the  states  pass  insolvent  laws  ? 

34.  What  debts  do  they  affect? 

35.  Could  the  state  of  New  York  enter  into  an  agreement 
with  the  British  government  respecting  flour  shipped  from 
New  York? 

36.  Why  not? 

37.  When  can  a  state  raise  troops  and  engage  in  war? 


CHAPTER    XVI. 

THE    EXECUTIVE    DEPARTMENT.  —  ELECTION   OF    THB 
PRESIDENT. 

1.  What  is  the  duty  of  the  executive  department? 
To  execute  the  laws. 

2.  Where  is  the  executive  power  vested? 

"  The  executive  power  shall  be  vested  in  a  Presi . 
lent  of  the  United  States  of  America.  He  shall  hokl 
ofliee  during  the  term  of  four  years." — Art.  II.  §  1. 1. 

3.  How  are   the  President  and   Vice-P  resident 
chosen  ? 

"  Each  state  shall  appoint,  in  such  mannc-  a*  the 
legislature  thereof  may  direct,  a  number  of  electors 
equal  to  the  whole  number  of  senators  and  ief  resen 


64  TOE  YOUNG  CITIZEN'S  MANUAL, 

tatives  to  which  each  state  may  be  entitled  in  Con 
gress;  but  no  senator  or  representative,  or  person 
holding  an  office  of  trust  or  profit  under  the  United 
States,  shall  be  appointed  an  elector."  —  Art.  IT. 
11,2, 

1,  In  what  manner  do  the  electors  proceed  to  make 
ihe  election  f 

"The  electors  shall  meet  in  their  respective  stales, 
and  vote  by  ballot  for  President  and  Vice-President, 
one  of  whom,  at  least,  shall  not  be  an  inhabitant 
of  the  same  state  with  themselves;  they  shall  name 
in  their  ballots  the  person  voted  for  as  President, 
and  in  distinct  ballots  the  person  voted  for  as 
Vice-President;,  and  they  shall  make  distinct  lists  of 
all  persons  voted  for  as  President,  and  of  all  persons 
voted  for  as  Vice-President,  and  of  the  number  of 
votes  for  each,  which  lists  they  shall  sign,  and  certify, 
and  transmit,  sealed,  to  the  seat  of  government  of 
the  United  States,  directed  to  the  President  of  the 
Senate;  the  President  of  the  Senate  shall,  in  the 
presence  of  the  Senate  and  the  House  of  Represen 
tatives,  open  all  the  certificates,  and  the  votes  shall 
then  be  counted ;  the  person  having  the  greatest 
number  of  votes  for  President  shall  be  President,  if 
ench  number  be  a  majority  of  the  whole  number  of 
electors  appointed;  and  if  no  person  shall  have  such 
majority,  then,  from  the  persons  having  the  highest 
numbers,  not  exceeding  three,  on  the  list  of  those 
voted  for  as  President,  the  House  of  Representatives 
shall  choose  immediately,  by  ballot,  the  President. 
But  in  choosing  the  President,  the  votes  shall  be 
taken  by  states,  the  representation  from  each  state 
having  one  vote;  a  quorum  for  this  purpose  shall 
consist  of  a  member  or  members  of  two  thirde  of  the 


OR   TEXT-BOOK    ON    GOVERNMENT.  65 

states,  and  a  majority  of  all  the  states  shall  bo  neces 
sary  to  a  choice.  Aud  if  the  House  of  Representative! 
shall  not  choose  a  President,  whenever  the  right  of 
choice  shall  devolve  upon  them,  before  the  fourth  of 
March  next  following,  then  the  Vice-President  shaL 
act  as  President,  as  in  case  of  the  death  or  othe? 
constitutional  disability  of  the  President." — Amend 
Aft.  XII.  1. 

5.  Wh.it  is  said  as  to  the  Vice- President  ? 

"The  person  having  the  greatest  number  of  votes 
as  Vice-President  shall  be  the  Vice-President,  if  such 
number  be  a  majority  of  the  whole  number  of  elec 
tors  appointed;  and  if  no  person  have  a  majority, 
then,  from  the  two  highest  on  the  list,  the  Senate  shall 
choose  the  Vice-President :  a  quorum  for  the  pur 
pose  shall  consist  of  two  thirds  of  the  whole  number 
of  senators,  and  a  majority  of  the  whole  number  shall 
be  necessary  to  a  choice."  —  Amend.  Art.  XII.  2. 

"But  no  person  constitutionally  ineligible  to  tho 
office  of  President  shall  be  eligible  to  that  of  Vice- 
President  of  the  United  States."  —  Amend.  Art.  XII.  3. 

6.  Is  this  the  original  method  prescribed  by  the 
Constitution  for  choosing  the  President  and  Vice- 
President  ? 

It  is  not,  but  is  the  result  of  an  Amendment  to 
fhe  Constitution,  proposed  by  Congress  in  October, 
I«03,  and  ratified  before  September,  1804. 

7.  What  is  the  provision  of  the   Constitution  in 
regard  to  the  choice  of  electors  ? 

"The  Congress  may  determine  the  time  of  choos 
ing  the  electors,  and  the  day  on  wnich  they  shall 
give   their   votes ;    which    day    shall    be    the    same 
throughout  the  United  States." — Art.  II.  §  1.  4. 
5 


&>  xnii;  YOUNG  CITIZEN'S  MANCJAL, 

8.  Why  was  this  power  conferred  upon  Congress  1 
That  the  time  of  choosing  electors  may  be  the 

same  throughout  the  Union. 

9.  Why  is  this  desirable  ? 

It  has  a  tendency  to  repress  political  intrigues  an  1 
corruption. 

10.  How  does  that  appear? 

Suppose  the  electors  for  President  were  to  vote  in 
different  states  at  different  times,  and  that  the  elec 
tors  of  all  the  states  except  one  had  voted,  and  that 
the  result  of  the  election  depended  upon  the  vote  of 
that  state,  great  efforts  would  be  made  to  secure  the 
vote  of  that  state. 


CHAPTER    XVII. 

ELECTION   OP   PRESIDENT   AND    VICE-PEE SIDENT, 
CONTINUED. 

1.  What  states  have  the  advantage  when  the  Pres* 

ident  is  chosen  by  the  electors? 

The  most  populous  states,  as  they  have  more  elec 
toral  votes  than  the  smaller  states. 

2.  What  happens  when  the  choice  devolves  on  tht 
House  of  Representatives  ? 

Each  state  has  then  an  equal  voice  in  the  choice 
of  the  President,  because  the  house  votes  by  states. 

3.  How  many  times  has  the  choiee  devolved  on  th* 
house  ? 

Twice.    Jefferson's  first  election  was  by  the  house, 
and  John  Quincy  Adams  was  chosen  hy  the  house. 


OR   TEXT-BOOK    ON   GOVEBNMENT,  61 

4.  What  are  the  qualifications  of  the  President? 
"No  person  except  a  natural  born  citizen,  or  a 

citizen  of  the  United  States  at  the  time  of  the  adop 
tion  of  this  Constitution,  shall  be  eligible  to  the 
office  of  President;  neither  shall  any  person  be  eligi 
ble  to  that  office  who  shall  not  have  attained  to  the 
tige  of  thirty-five  years,  and  been  fourteen  years  a 
•resident  within  the  United  States."  —  Art.  II.  §  1.  5. 

5.  Suppose  a  man  has  lived  abroad  several  years 
in  the  service  of  his  country? 

That  would  not  interrupt  his  residence  so  as  to 
disqualify  him  for  the  office  of  President. 

6.  How  often  may  the  President  be  reflected  ? 
As  often  as  the  people  please. 

7.  What  is  done  in  case  of  the  inability  or  death 
of  the  President,  or  his  removal  from  office? 

"In  case  of  the  removal  of  the  President  from 
office,  or  of  his  death,  resignation,  or  inability  to  dis 
charge  the  powers  and  duties  of  the  said  office,  th& 
same  shall  devolve  on  the  Vice-President;  and  the 
Congress  may  by  law  provide  for  the  case  of  re 
moval,  death,  resignation,  or  inability  both  of  the 
President  and  Vice-President,  declaring  what  officer 
shall  then  act  as  President ;  and  such  officer  shall  act 
accordingly  until  the  disability  be  removed,  or  a 
President  shall  be  elected."  —  Art.  II.  §  1.  6. 

8.  In  what  cases  has  the  Vice-President  succeeded 
to  the  office  of  President? 

John  Tyler  in  place  of  William  H.  Harrison, 
Mil  lard  Fillmorc  in  place  of  Zachary  Taylor,  An« 
drew  Johnson  in  place  of  Abraham  Lincoln,  and 
Chester  A.  Arthur  in  place  of  James  A.  Garfield. 


68  THE    YOUNG    CITIZEN'S    MANUAL, 

9.  What  officer  has  Congress  declared  shall  act  a\ 
President  in  case  of  the  removal,  death*,  or  resign*  i' 
tion  both  of  the  President  and  Vice- President? 

Congress  has  provided  that  the  President  pro 
tempore  of  the  Senate  shall  act  as  President,  and  in 
case  there  is  no  president  pro  tempore^  the  Speaker 
of  the  House  of  Representatives. 

10.  What  provision  does  the  Constitution  make 
for  the  compensation  of  the  President  f 

"  The  President  shall,  at  stated  times,  receive  for 
his  services  a  compensation  which  shall  neither  be 
increased  nor  diminished  during  the  period  for  which 
he  shall  have  been  elected,  and  he  shall  not  receive 
within  that  period  any  other  emolument  from  the 
United  States,  or  any  of  them."  —  Art.  II.  §  1.  7. 

11.  What  is  the  salary  of  the  President  as  fixed 
by  Congress? 

Twenty-five  thousand  dollars  a  year  were  voted  by 
the  first  Congress  under  the  Constitution;  it  has 
since  been  raised  to  fifty  thousand  dollars. 

12.  What  oath  or  affirmation  must  the  President 
take  before  entering  on  the  execution  of  his  office  ? 

"  I  do  solemnly  swear  (or  affirm)  that  I  will  faith 
fully  execute  the  office  of  President  of  the  United 
States,  and  will,  to  the  best  of  my  ability,  preserve, 
protect,  and  defend  the  Constitution  of  the  United 
SUtes."--Art.  II.  §  1.8. 


OK    TKXT-UOOK    ON    GOVERNMENT.  69 


CHAPTER. XVIII. 

DUTIES    OP    THE    PRESIDENT. 

1 .  What  military  power  does  the  President  possess  * 
"The  President  shall   be   commander-in-chief  of 

the  array  and  navy  of  the  United  States,  and  of  the 
militia  of  the  several  states  when  called  into  the  ac 
tual  service  of  the  United  States."  —  Art.  II.  §  2.  1. 

2.  What  may  he  require  of  the  heads  of  depart 
ments  f 

"He  may  require  the  opinion  in  writing  of  the 
principal  officer  in  each  of  the  executive  depart 
ments  upon  any  subject  relating  to  the  duties  of 
their  respective  offices."  — Art.  II.  §  2.  1. 

3.  What  power  has  he  with  respect  to  reprieves 
and  pardons? 

"  He  shall  have  power  to  grant  reprieves  and  par 
dons  for  offences  against  the  United  States,  except 
in  cases  of  impeachment."  —  Art.  II.  §  2.  1. 

4.  What  is  the  design  of  the  pardoning  power  ? 
It  is  designed  to  promote  justice  and  the  public 

good. 

5.  In  what  way  can  it  promote  justice  ? 

Men  are  sometimes  convicted  of  crimes  when  they 
are  innocent,  and  they  must  suffer  wrongfully  unless 
delivered  by  the  pardoning  power. 

6.  Why  may  not  the  President  pardon,  those  whc 
have  been  impeached  and  found  guilty '? 

It  would  be  in  his  power  to  shield  his  favorites 
from  punishment,  however  great  might  be  their  po 
litical  offences. 


70  THE    YOUNG    CITIZEN'S    .MANUAL, 

7.  What  is  his  power  with  respect  to  treaties  ? 
"He  shall  have  power, by  and  with  the  advice  and 

consent  of  the  Senate,  to  make  treaties,  provided 
two  thirds  of  the  senators  present  concur." — Art.  II. 
§  2.  2. 

8.  What  is  the  usual  method*  of  making  treaties  1 
Treaties  are  negotiated  on  the  part  of  the  United 

States  by  the  Secretary  of  State,  or  by  a  foreign 
minister  under  instructions  from  the  Secretary. 
When  the  treaty  is  completed,  it  is  sent  to  the 
President,  who  lays  it  before  the  Senate.  If  two 
thirds  of  the  senators  present  approve  it,  he  may 
give  it  his  signature,  when  it  becomes  a  part  of  the 
supreme  law  of  the  land. 

9.  May  the  President  withhold  his  signature  after 
the  Senate  has  approved  the  treaty  ? 

He  may. 

10.  When  a  treaty  has  been  approved  by  the  Senate. 
and  signed  by  the  President,  and  money  is  wanted  to 
carry  it  into  execution,  is  the  House  of  Represep fa- 
fives  bound  to  vote  the  money  needed,  even  if  they  do 
^ot  approve  the  treaty  ? 

They  are.  The  power  of  making  and  ratifying 
treaties  belongs  to  the  President  and  Senate. 

11.  What  is  the  Presidents  power  of  appointment 
to  office* 

"He  shall  nominate,  and  by  and  with  the  advice 
and  consent  of  the  Senate,  shall  appoint  Ambassadors, 
other  public  Ministers  and  Consuls,  Judges  of  the 
Supreme  Court,  and  all  other  officers  of  the  United 
States,  whose  appointments  are  not  herein  otherwise 
provided  for,  and  which  shall  be  established  by  law.71 

^  An.  II.  §  2.  2. 


OB  TEXT-BOOK   ON   GOVERNMENT.  71 

12.  Are  all  the  officers  of  the  United  States  dp 
pointed  by  the  President  and  Senate? 

No.  "The  Congress  may  by  law  vest  the  ap 
pointment  of  such  inferior  officers  as  they  think 
proper  in  the  President  alone,  in  the  courts  of  law 
or  in  the  heads  of  departments."  —  Art.  II.  §  2.  2, 

1 3.  jSiyipose  vacancies  occur  during  the  recess  of 
the  /Senate. 

"  The  President  shall  have  power  to  fill  all  .vacan 
cies  that  may  happen  during  the  recess  of  the  Senate 
by  granting  commissions  which  shall  expire  at  the 
end  of  their  next  session."  —  Art.  II.  §  2.  3. 

14.  Where  is  the  power  of  removal  from  offic6 
vested  by  the  Constitution? 

The  Constitution  is  silent  on  the  subject  of  re 
movals  except  by  impeachment. 

15.  By  whom  has  the  power  of  removal  always 

been  exercised? 

By  the  President  alone. 

16.  What  is  required  of  the  President  in  relation 
to  Congress  ? 

"  lie  shall  from  time  to  time  give  to  the  Congress 
information  of  the  state  of  the  Union,  and  recom 
mend  to  their  consideration  such  measures  as  he 
shall  judge  necessary  and  expedient." — Art.  II.  §  3.  1. 

17.  IVJiy  should  he  do  this? 

Because  he  may  have  important  information  not 
possessed  by  Congress,  especially  in  relation  to  for 
eign  affairs. 

18.  Does  the  President  communicate  with   Con 
yress  orally  <>°-  by  message? 

By  message. 


72  THE    YOUNG    CITIZEN'S   MANUAL, 

19.  Is  Congress  obliged  to  consider  the  recommit* 
dations  made  by  the  President  9 

No. 

20.  Has  the  President  power  to  call  extra  K  MOM 
of  Congress  ? 

"He  may  on  extraordinary  occasions  convert  both 
houses,  or  either  of  them."  —  Art.  II.  §  3.  1. 

21.  What  power  of  adjourning  Congress  does  tht 
President  possess  ? 

"In  case  of  disagreement  between  them  with  re- 
spect  to  the  time  of  adjournment,  he  may  adjourn 
them  to  such  time  as  he  shall  think  proper  "  —  Art. 
II.  §  3.  1. 

22.  What  is  th*  duty  of  the  President  as  to  fc^fign 
ministers  ? 

"  He  shall  receive  ambassadors  and  other  public 
ministers."  —  Art.  II.  §  3.  1. 

23.  Is  this  an  important  power  ? 

It  is ;  for  it  gives  the  President  a  great  degree  of 
power  in  determining  the  relations  of  the  United 
States  to  other  nations. 

24.  Sitppose  a  colony  of  a  country  rebels  and  sets 
up  a  new  government,  and  the  President  receives  their 
ambassador,  what  would  be  the  effect  of  such  reception* 

It  would  be  an  acknowledgment  of  the  indepen 
ilence  of  the  rebels  by  the  United  States. 

25.  What  might  this  acknowledgment  occasion  ? 
War  with  the  narent  state. 

26.  What  is  the  duty  of  the  President  in  regard 
to  };<*.  Laws  ? 

"He  shall  take  care  that  the  laws  be  faithfully 
executed,  and  shall  commission  all  the  officers  of  th« 
United  States."— Art.  II.  §  3.  1. 


OB   TEXT-BOOK   ON   GOVERNMENT. 

27.  How  may  the  President  and  oth*r  officers  fa 
removed  from  office  f 

"  The  President,  Vice-President,  and  all  civil  offi. 
cers  of  the  United  States  shall  be  removed  from 
office  on  impeachment  for,  and  conviction  of,  treason, 
bribery  or  other  high  crimes  or  misdemeanors."  — 
Art.  II.  §  4. 1. 

28.  How  are  military  officers  tried? 

They  are  tried  by  a  court  martial,  which  is  a  court 
composed  of  military  officers  detailed  for  that  pur 
pose  by  the  commanding  officer. 

29.  How  many  executive  departments  have  been 
constituted  by  Congress? 

Five,  viz.,  the  department  of  state  or  foreign 
affairs,  of  the  interior,  of  the  treasury,  of  war,  and  of 
the  navy. 

30.  Who  constitute  the  cabinet  f 

The  heads  of  departments,  together  with  the 
attorney-general  and  the  postmaster-general. 


QUESTIONS    FOR   REVIEW. 

THE   EXECUTIVE. 

1.  What  is  the  duty  of  the  executive?- 

2.  Have  the  Unitod  States  a  single  or  plural  executir?? 
3    Where  is  the  executive  power  vested  ? 

4.  Where  was   the   executive   power  of  the  Republic    :f 
Koine  vested?     Ans.  In  two  consuls. 

5.  Where  is  the  executive  power  of  Great  Britain  vested? 

6.  How  is  the  President  elected  ? 

7.  Under  what    circumstances  does   the  election    devol*« 
upon  the  House  of  Representatives  ? 


74  THE   YOUNG   CITIZEN'S   MANUAL, 

8.  How  is  the  vote  then  taken  ? 

9.  What  Presidents  were  chosen  by  the  House  of  Repr«« 
Bentatives  ? 

10.  Who  choose  the  Vice-President  vrhen  there  is  m  choici 
by  the  electors  ? 

11.  For  what  length  of  time  is  the  President  chosen? 

12.  How  often  may  he  be  reClected? 

18.  Has  any  President  served  for  more  than  two  terms? 

14.  What  are  the  qualifications  for  President? 

15.  Could  a  foreigner  have  been  elected  President  when  the 
Constitution  was  adopted  ? 

16.  Can  a  foreigner  be  elected  now  ? 

17.  Why  not? 

18.  When  the  office  of  President  becomes  vacant,  who  suc 
ceeds  to  it? 

19.  Suppose  there  is  no  Vice-President ;  who  is  to  exercise 
the  office  of  President  ? 

20.  Suppose  there  is  no  President  pro  tempore  f 

21.  Does  the  Constitution  say  that  the  President  of  the 
Senate  pro  tempore,  or  the  Speaker  of  the  House,  shall  exer 
cise  the  office  of  President  ? 

22.  By  what  provision  are  they  to  exercise  the  office  in 
certain  circumstances  ? 

23.  Who  is  commander-in-chief  of  the  army  and  navy? 

24.  Who  has  the  superintendence  and  general  control  of  all 
matters  pertaining  to  the  army  ? 

25.  Who  has  immediate  command  of  all  the  armies  of  the 
United  States  ?     Ans.  The  general. 

26.  Who  appoints  and  commissions  all  important  military 
and  civil  officers  ? 

27.  Suppose  the  Senate  is  not  in  session  when  the  vacancy 
occurs  ? 

28.  Who  has  the  power  of  removal  from  office? 

29.  How  are  treaties  made? 

30.  itow  is  war  declared? 

31.  How  may  extra  sessions  of  Congress  be  called? 

32.  Who  receives  ambassadors  and  other  public  ministers? 

33.  Show  that  this  is  an  important  power. 

34.  What  is  the  duty  of  the  President  with  respect  to  exe* 
cutir.g  the  laws  ? 


OB   TEXT-BOOK    ON    GOVERNMENT.  70 

86.  Suppose  the  people  of  a  state  refuse  to  obey  the  laws  of 
the  United  States  ? 

36.  Can  a  state  be  coerced  into  obedience?    Ans.  All  men, 
wherever  found  within  the  limits  of  the  United  States,  can  bl 
compelled  to  render  obedience  to  the  lavs. 

37.  How  can  the  President  be  removed  from  office? 

38.  How  can  the  Vice-President  and  all  civil  officers  :f  L-« 
I.' oiled  States  be  removed  from  office? 

39  Are  members  of  Congress  civil  officers  of  the  Lnitcd 
States,  and  liable  to  impeachment? 

40.  How  can  a  member  be  removed  from  either  house  of 
Congress  before  his  term  has  expired? 


CHAPTER    XIX. 

THE   JUDICIAL   DEPARTMENT. 

1.  Where  is  the  judicial  power  vested? 

«  The  judicial  power  of  the  United  States  shall  be 
vested  in  one  Supreme  Court,  and  in  such  inferior 
courts  as  the  Congress  may  from  time  to  time  ordain 
and  establish."  — Art.  III.  §  1.  1. 

2.  How  many  national  courts  have  been  established 
by  Congress? 

Three:  the  Supreme  Court,  the  Circuit  Court,  and 
the  District  Court. 

3.  Of  what  does  the  Supreme  Court  consist  ? 
The  Supreme  Court  consists  of  a  Chief  Justice  and 

eight  associate  justices,  any  six  of  whom  constitute 
a  quorum. 

4.  How  often  does  the  Supreme  Court  hold  its 
sessions  ? 

It  holds  one  terra  annually,  commencing  on  th« 
second  Monday  in  October,  at  Washington. 


76  THE   YOUNG    CITIZEN'S   MANUAL, 

5.  How  is  it  chiefly  occupied? 

In  hearing  and  deciding  appeals  from  the  Circuit 
End  District  Courts. 

6.  Into  how  many  judicial  circuits  are  the  United 
States  divided? 

Nine;  there  are  nine  circuit  judges. 

7.  Do  the  justices  of  the  Supreme  Court  serve  in 
the  Circuit  Courts  9 

Each  supreme  justice  must  thus  serve  at  least  one 
term,  every  two  years. 

8.  Into  how.  many  judicial  districts  are  the  United 
States  divided? 

Fifty-eight. 

9.  Has  each  district  a  district  judge  9 
Generally.    In  a  few  cases  one  judge  serves  for 

several  districts. 

10.  How  are  the  judges  appointed  9 
By  the  President  and  Senate. 

11.  What  are  the  other  officers  of  the  national 
courts  besides  the  judges  ? 

The  attorney-general,  the  district  attorneys,  the 
marshals,  and  the  clerks. 

12.  What  are  the  duties  of  the  attorney-general 
and  the  district  attorneys? 

To  conduct  all  suits  in  the  United  States  court* 
in  which  the  United  States  are  concerned. 

13  What  duties  has  the  attorney -general  in  con*- 
nection  with  the  cabinet  f 

The  attorney-general  is  a  member  of  the  cabinet, 
and  meets  with  the  other  members  to  advise  the 
President ;  he  gives  legal  opinions  on  all  questions 
submitted  to  him  by  the  government. 


OB   TEXT-BOOK    ON   GOVERNMENT.  77 

14.  What  are  the  duties  of  the  marshal? 

The  marshal  executes  the  ordeiu  and  decisions  of 
the  court. 

15.  What  are  the  duties  of  the  clerks  ? 

To  keep  records  of  the  proceedings  of  their  courts, 
and  sign  and  seal  all  processes. 

1 6.  What  is  the  tenure  of  office  of  the  judges  ? 

"  The  judges,  both  of  the  supreme  and  inferioi 
courts,  shall  hold  their  offices  during  good  behavior; 
and  shall  at  stated  times  receive  for  their  services  a 
compensation  which  shall  not  be  diminished  during 
their  continuance  in  office."  —  Art.  III.  §  1.  1. 

17.  Why  was  this  tenure  of  office  adopted? 
That  the  judges  may  be  independent. 

18.  How  does  it  make  them  independent? 

If  they  held  office  at  the  will  of  Congress  or  of'the 
President,  they  might  be  led  to  consult  the  will  of 
Congress  or  of  the  President,  rather  than  the  dictates 
of  justice. 

19.  Who    determine    the    compensation    of   tfa 


Congress. 

20.    Why  cannot  their  compensation  be  diminished'} 
Congress  might  overawe  them  into  submission  to 
its  will  by  that  means,  thus  destroying  thf/ir  indo- 
tndence  snd  fiiirnesfl. 


78  THE    YOUNG    CITIZEN'S    MANUAl*. 

CHAPTER    XX. 

JUDICIAL    DEPARTMENT,    CONTINUED.    . 

1.  To  what  does  the  judicial  power  extend? 
"The  judicial  power  shall  extend  to  all  cases  in 

law  and  equity  arising  under  this  Constitution,  the 
laws  of  the  United  States,  and  treaties  made,  or 
which  shall  be  made,  under  their  authority;  to  all 
cases  affecting  ambassadors,  other  public  ministers, 
and  consuls;  to  all  cases  of  admiralty  and  maritime 
jurisdiction  ;  to  controversies  to  which  the  United 
States  shall  be  a  party ;  to  controversies  between 
two  or  more  states ;  between  a  state  and  citizens  of 
another  state ;  between  citizens  of  'different  states  j 
between  citizens  of  the  same  state  claiming  lands 
under  grants  of  different  states ;  and  between  a  state 
or  citizens  thereof  and  foreign  states,  citizeus,  and 
subjects."  — Art.  III.  §  2.  1. 

2.  ffas  the  Supreme  Court  jurisdiction  in  eq*.'*iy 
as  well  as  law  f 

It  has. 

3.  What  is  equity  jurisprudence  ? 

"A  system  of  jurisprudence,  the  object  of  which  i-* 
to  render  the  administration  of  justice  more  com 
plete,  by  affording  relief  where  the  courts  of  law  aro 
incompetent  to  give  it,  or  to  give  it  with  effect." 

4.  Are  not   courts   of  equity  commonly 
from  courts  of  law  ? 

They  arc  in  England  and  in  some  of  the  states. 

5.  What  are  such  courts  called  f 
Courts  of  chancery. 


OS   TEXT-BOOK    ON    GOVERNMENT. 

6.  What  are  courts  of  admiralty  f 

Courts  which  have  jurisdiction  over  cases  of  cap 
tures  and  seizures  at  sea,  and  all  civil  arid  criminal 
maritime  cases. 

7.  Save  the  United  States  courts  of  admiralty  ? 
The  District  Courts  have  admiralty  powers. 

8.  When  has  the  Supreme  Court  original  juris> 
diction  f 

"In  all  cases  affecting  ambassadors,  other  public 
ministers  and  consuls,  and  those  in  which  a  state 
^hall  be  a  party,  the  Supreme  Court  shall  have 
original  jurisdiction."  —  Art.  III.  §  2.  2. 

9.  What  is  meant  by  "  original  jurisdiction"  in 
these  cases  f 

Suits  relating  to  them  may  be  commenced  in  the 
h'rst  instance  in  the  Supreme  Court. 

10.  How  do  all  other  cases  come  before  the  Su 
preme  Court  f 

By  appeal  from  the  Circuit  Courts. 

11.  What  does  the  Constitution  say  on  this  point  J 
"In  all  other  cases  before  mentioned,  the  Supreme 

Court  shall  have  appellate  jurisdiction,  both  as  to 
law  and  fact,  with  such  exceptions,  and  under  such 
regulations,  as  the  Congress  shall  make."  —  Art.  III. 
§2.2. 

12.  May  appeals  be  taken  from  the  state  courts  to 
the  national  courts  f 

They  may.  The  Supreme  Court  has  from  time  to 
time  sustained  the  right  to  such  appeals. 

13.  What  other  courts  are  there  under  the  control 
of  the  United  States  f 

There  is  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  District  of 
Columbia,  and  the  courts  established  in  the  terri 
tories  of  the  United  States. 


80  THE    YOUNG   CITIZEN'S   MANUAL, 

14.  Are  the  territorial  courts  regarded  as  a  part 
of  tlie  national  judiciary  f 

They  are  not. 

15.  Is  the  right  of  trial  by  jury  preserved  in  all 
of  these  c  ourts  ? 

'*The  trial  of  all  crimes,  except  in  cases  of  im 
peachment,  shall  be  by  jury;  and  such  trial  shall 
be  held  in  the  state  where  said  crimes  shall  have 
been  committed ;  but  when  not  committed  in  any 
state,  the  trial  shall  be  at  such  plnce  or  places  as  the 
Congress  may  by  law  have  directed."  —  Art.  III.  §  2. 3. 

16.  What  evil  is  here  guarded  against  f 

That  of  trying  a  man  at  a  great  distance  from  the 
scene  of  his  alleged  crime,  and  where,  if  innocent,  it 
vould  be  difficult  to  prov^  bis  innocence. 


CHAPTER    XXI. 

.  —  FUGITIVES  FROM  JUSTICE. —  ADMISSION 
OF  NEW  STATES. 

1.  What  is  the  definition  of  treason  given  by  the 
Constitution  ? 

"  Treason  against  the  United  States  shall  consist 
otly  in  levying  war  against  them,  or  in  adhering  to 
llieir  enemies,  giving  them  aid  and  comfort."  —  Art, 
111  §  3.  1. 

'2.  What  testimony  is  necessary  to  convict  one  of 
treason  '? 

"  No  person  shall  be  convicted  of  treason,  unless 
on  the  testimony  of  two  witnesses  to  the  same  overt 
act,  or  on  confession  in  open  court." — Art.  HI.  §  3. 1 


OB   TEXT-BOOK   ON   GOVERNMENT.  81 

3.  Who  is  to  declare  the  punishment  of  treason^ 
and  how  is  that  punishment  limited? 

"  Congress  shall  have  power  to  declare  the  pun 
ishment  of  treason ;  but  no  attainder  of  treason 
shall  work  corruption  of  blood,  or  forfeiture,  except 
during  the  life  of  the  person  attainted."  —  Art.  III. 
§3.2. 

4.  What  punishment  for  treason  has    Congress 
imposed? 

Death  by  hanging. 

5.  What  is  the  provision  of  the  Constitution  in 
regard  to  public  acts,  records,  &c. 

"  Full  faith  and  credit  shall  be  given  in  each  state 
to  the  public  acts,  records,  and  judicial  proceedings 
of  every  other  state,  and  the  Congress  may  by  gen 
eral  laws  prescribe  the  manner  in  which  such  acts, 
records,  and  proceedings  shall  be  proved,  and  the 
effect  thereof."  —  Art.  IV.  §  1.  1. 

6.  What  privileges  are  guaranteed  to  the  citizens 
of  each  state  f 

"  The  citizens  of  each  state  shall  be  entitled  to-  all 
the  privileges  and  immunities  of  citizens  in  the  sev 
eral  states."  —  Art.  IV.  §  2.  1. 

7.  Does  this  mean  that  a  citizen  of  Massachusetts 
is  entitled,  when  in  South  Carolina,  to  all  the  rights 
and  privileges  he  enjoyed  in  Massachusetts? 

It  means  that  he  is  entitled  in  South  Carolina  to 
all  the  rights  and  privileges  enjoyed  by  the  citizens 
of  that  state. 

8.  What  is  the  provision  of  the  Constitution  re 
specting  fugitives  from  justice  f 

"A  person   charged   in   any   state   with   treason, 
felony,  or  other  crime,  who  shall  flee  from  justice, 
6 


82  THE    YOUNG    CITIZEN'S    MANUAL, 

and  be  found  in  another  state,  shall,  on  the  demand 
of  the  executive  authority  of  the  state  from  which 
he  fled,  be  delivered  up  to  be  removed  to  the  state 
having  jurisdiction  of  the  crime."  —  Art.  IV.  §  2.  2. 

9.  By  whom  may  new  states  be  admitted  into  the 
Union,  and  what  limitations  are  there  to  the  power 
of  admission  f 

"New  states  may  be  admitted  by  Congress  into 
the  Union  ;  but  no  new  state  shall  be  formed  or 
erected  within  the  jurisdiction  of  any  other  state,  nor 
any  state  be  formed  by  the  junction  of  two  or  more 
states,  without  the  consent  of  the  legislatures  of  the 
states  concerned,  as  well  as  of  Congress."  —  Art. 
IV.  §  3. 1. 

10.  What  is  the  power  of  Congress  over  the  terri 
tories  f 

"  Congress  shall  have  power  to  dispose  of  and 
make  all  needful  rules  and  regulations  respecting  the 
territory  or  other  property  belonging  to  the  United 
States ;  and  nothing  in  this  Constitution  shall  be  so 
construed  as  to  prejudice  any  claims  of  the  United 
States,  or  of  any  particular  state."  —  Art.  IV.  §  3.  2. 


OB   TEXT-BOOK   ON   GOVEHNMENT.  85 


CHAPTER    XXII. 

MODE    OF    MAKING    AMENDMENTS.  —  SUPREMACY    Of 
THE   CONSTITUTION. 

1.  What  does  the  Constitution  guarantee  to  every 
state  f 

"The  United  States  shall  guarantee  to  every  state 
in  this  Union  a  republican  form  of  government,  and 
shall  protect  each  of  them  against  invasion,  and,  on 
application  of  the  legislature,  or  of  the  executive 
(when  the  legislature  cannot  be  convened),  against 
domestic  violence."  —  Art.  IV.  §  4.  1. 

2.  Suppose  there  should  be  an  armed  opposition 
to  the  laws  of  a  state  by  a  portion  of  the  people  of 
that  state,  would  it  be  the  duty  of  the  President  and 
of  Congress  to  interfere  f 

It  would  be  their  duty  to  furnish  aid  in  enforcing 
the  laws,  on  application  of  the  legislature,  or  of  the 
governor  when  the  legislature  cannot  be  convened. 

3.  Suppose  the  majority  of  the  people  of  a  state 
should  attempt  to  establish  a  monarchy  ? 

It  would  be  the  duty  of  the  United  States  gov 
ernment  to  put  down  the  attempt ;  for  the  United 
States  are  bound  to  guarantee  to  every  state  in  the 
Union  a  republican  form  of  government. 

4.  In  what  ways  may  the  Constitution  be  amended  f 
"  Congress,  whenever  two  thirds  of  both  houses  shall 

deem  it  necessary,  shall  propose  amendments  to  this 
Constitution;  or,  on  the  application  of  the  legislatures 
of  two  thirds  of  the  several  states,  shall  call  a  conven 
tion  for  proposing  amendment?-,  which,  in  either  case 


84  THE    YOUNG    CITIZKX'R    MANUAL, 

ghnll  be  valid  to  all  intents  unil  purposes,  as  a  pail 
of  this  Constitution,  when  ratified  by  the  legislatures 
of  three  fourths  of  the  several  states,  or  by  conven 
tions  in  three  fourths  thereof,  as  the  one  or  the  other 
mode  of  ratification  may  be  proposed  by  the  Con 
gress."  —  Art.  V.  1. 

5.  State  in  what  two  ways  amendments  may  b6 
proposed. 

They  may  be  proposed  by  Congress,  or  by  a  con 
vention  called  on  application  of  the  legislatures  of 
two  thirds  of  the  states. 

6.  In  what  ways  may  the  proposed  amendments 
be  ratified? 

By  the  legislatures  of  three  fourths  of  the  states, 
or  by  conventions  in  three  fourths  of  the  states. 

7.  In  what  way  were  the  amendments  that  have 
been  made  proposed  and  ratified? 

They  were  proposed  by  Congress,  and  ratified  by 
the  legislatures  of  the  states. 

8.  What  limitations  are  there  to  the  power  of 
amendment  ? 

"Provided,  that  no  amendment  which  may  be 
made  prior  to  the  year  one  thousand  eight  hundred 
and  eight  shall  in  any  manner  affect  the  first  and 
fourth  clauses  in  the  ninth  section  of  the  first  article 
an  1  that  no  state,  without  its  consent,  shall  be  de 
prived  of  its  equal  suifrnge  in  the  Senate."  —  Art. 
V.  1. 

9.  What  do  the  clauses  above  mentioned  refer  to? 
To  the   importation   of  slaves,  and  to  capitation 

and  other  direct  taxes. 

10.  What  is  said  of  debts  contracted  by  the  United 
States  before  the  adoption  of  the  Constitution  f 


OR    TEXT-BOOK    ON    GOVERNMENT.  85 

"All  debts  contracted  and  engagements  entered 
into,  before  the  adoption  of  this  Constitution,  shall  be 
as  valid  against  the  United  States  under  this  Con 
stitution,  as  under  the  Confederation."  —  Art.  VI.  1. 

11.  What  is  said  of  the  supremacy  of  the  Oonsli 
tution  f 

"  This  Constitution,  and  the  laws  of  the  United 
States  which  shall  be  made  in  pursuance  thereof, 
and  all  treaties  made,  or  which  shall  be  made,  under 
the  authority  of  the  United  States,  shall  be  the  su 
preme  law  of  the  land;  and  the  judges  in.  every  state 
shall  be  bound  thereby,  anything  in  the  constitution 
and  laws  of  any  state  to  the  contrary  notwithstand 
ing."  —  Art.  VI.  2. 

12.  What  does  this  prohibit  f 

It  prohibits  any  state  from  seceding,  and  from 
making  any  law  contrary  to  the  Constitution  and 
laws  of  the  United  States. 

13.  What  was  the  doctrine  of  nullification  f 

The  right  claimed  by  some  of  the  states  to  nullify 
an  act  of  Congress  within  their  borders,  provided 
they  judged  the  act  unconstitutional. 

14.  What  tribunal  has  the  Constitution  made  the 
judge  as  to  the  constitutionality  of  laws  ? 

The  Supreme  Court. 

15.  Who  are  bound  by  oath  to  support  the  Coth 

stitution  f 

"The  senators  and  representatives  before  men 
tioncd,  and  the  members  of  the  several  state  legist 
tures,  and  all  executive  and  judicial  officers,  both  of 
the  United  States  and  of  the  several  states,  shall  be 
bound  by  oath  or  affirmation  to  support  this  Coristi« 
tution." —  Art,  VI.  3 


86  THE   YOUNG    CITIZEN'S   MANUAL, 

16.   7s  there  any  religious  test  allowed? 

"But  no  religious  test  shall  ever  be  required  as  a 
qualification  to  anjfc  office  or  public  trust  under  the 
United  States."  —  Art.  VI.  3. 


QUESTIONS    FOR    REVIEW. 

THE   JUDICIARY. 

1.  What  is  the  office  of  the  judiciary? 

2.  Where  is  the  judicial  power  of  the  United  States  Tested ' 
8.  Of  what  does  the  Supreme  Court  consist? 

4.  What  are  the  Circuit  Courts  ? 

5.  Into  how  many  circuits  are  the  United  States  divided? 

6.  Into  how  many  districts  are  tlio  United  States  divided  ? 

7.  How  are  the  judges  appointed  ? 

8.  Where  and  how  often  does  the  Supreme  Court  hold  ita 
sessions  ? 

9.  To  what  does  the  judicial  power  extend? 

10.  What  is  meant  by  equity  jurisprudence  ? 

11.  What  are  courts  of  equity  commonly  called? 

12.  Has  the   Supreme  Court  both  original  and  appellate 
jiirisdiction  ? 

13.  When    does  it  exercise    original   jurisdiction?     Ans. 
When  suits  are  commenced  in  that  court? 

14    When  does  it  exorcise  appellate  jurisdiction? 

15.  In  what  cases  has  the   Supreme  Court  original  juris- 
lietbn? 

16.  In  what  cases  has  it  appellate  jurisdiction? 

17.  May  appeals  in  some  cases  be  taken  from  the  state  to 
the  national  courts  ? 

18.  What  is  the  tenure  of  office  of  the  judges  of  the  Unite.! 
States  courts? 

19.  Who  determine  the  compensation  of  the  judges  ? 

20.  What  limitation  is  there  to  the  power  of  Congress  IB 
Ibis  matter? 


OB   TEXT-BOOK    ON   GOVERNMENT.  87 

21.  What  officers  besides  judges   are   connected  with  thf 
courts  of  the  Unite*  States  ? 

22.  What  are  the  duties  of  the  attorney-general  and  of  thf 
district  attorneys? 

23.  What  are  the  duties  of  the  marshals  ? 

24.  What  are  the  duties  of  the  clerks? 

25.  What  is  treason  as  defined  by  the  Constitution  ? 
2G.  What  is  necessary  to  convict  one  of  treason? 

27.  What  punishment  has  Congress  ordained  for  treason? 
28    What  rights  has  a  citizen  of  New  York  when  he  is  in  the 
state  of  Georgia? 

29.  Suppose  a  criminal  flees  from  justice  to  another  state, 
now  can  he  be  arrested  ? 

30.  By  whom  may  new  states  be  -admitted  to  the  Union  ? 
81.  Under  what  conditions  may  a  new  state  be  formed  from 

a  portion  of  one  or  more  states  ? 

32.  What  is  the  power  of  Congress  over  the  territories  of 
the  United  States  ? 

33.  Do  the  judges  of  the  territorial  courts  belong  to  the 
national  judiciary? 

84.  Can  any  state  lay  aside  a  republican  form  of  govern 
ment? 

36.  What  is  essential  to  a  sovereign  state?  Ans.  That  it 
have  power  to  change  its  form  of  government  whenever  it 
chooses  to  do  so. 

36.  Suppose  a  state  should  attempt  to  establish  a  monarchy, 
what  would  Congress  and  the  President  do  ? 

37.  How  does  it  appear  that  the  Constitution  requires  theif 
interference  ?  —  Art.  IV.  §  4. 

38.  In  what  two  ways  may  the  Constitution  be  amended? 

39.  In  what  way  have  all  the  amendments  been  made? 

40.  Show  that  the  Constitution  is  supreme.  —  Art.  VI.  2. 

41.  What  officers  are  required  to  take  an  oath  or  affirma 
tion  to  support  the  Constitution? 

42.  Can  any  religious  test  be  required  as  a  qualification  fci 
office? 


88  THE  YOUNG  CITIZEN'S  MANUAL, 

CHAPTER    XXIII. 

AMENDMENTS    TO    THE    CONSTITUTION. 

1.  When  were  most   of  the  amendments  to  iht 
Constitution  made? 

Soon  after  the  adoption  of  the  Constitution, 

2.  To  what  were  they  owing  ? 

Several  of  the  states  proposed  to  adopt  the  Con 
stitution  on  condition  that  certain  amendments  be 
made ;  but  they  were  led  to  adopt  it  unconditionally, 
and  to  recommend  the  amendments  desired. 

3.  What  action  was  taken  in  the  matter  ? 
Congress  selected  the  most  important  articles  thus 

recommended,  and  proposed  them  to  the  legislatures 
of  the  states,  by  whom  they  were  adopted,  and  thus 
became  parts  of  the  Constitution. 

4.  Can  Congress  establish  a  state  religion  ? 

"  Congress  shall  make  no  law  respecting  an  estab 
lishment  of  religion,  or  prohibiting  the  free  exercise 
thereof."  —  Art.  I. 

5.  Suppose  Congress  should  make  a  law  favoring 
$ne  religious  denomination  at  the  expense  of  another ? 

It  would  be  unconstitutional. 

6.  Can  Congress  abridge  freedon  of  speech  or  of 
the  press? 

They  cannot  make  any  law  "  abridging  the  free 
dom  of  speech  or  of  the  press."  —  Art.  I. 

7.  Do  laws  forbidding  slander  and  libel  abridge 
the  freedom  of  speech  or  of  the  press? 

They  do  not. 


OK    TEXT-BOOK    ON    GOVERNMENT.  89 

8.  Ts  the  right  of  petition  guaranteed  by  the  Con* 
Btitution? 

It  is ;  for  Congress  can  pass  no  law  interfering 
with  "tlie  right  of  the  people  peaceably  to  assemble, 
ami  (o  petition  the  government  for  a  redress  of 
grievances." —  Art.  I. 

0.  Is  it  the  duty  of  Congress  to  receive  all  ptti 
tions  that  are  respectfully  presented  f 

It  is. 

1 0.  Can  the  government  disarm  the  people  ? 

"A  well  regulated  militia  being  necessary  to  the 
security  of  a  free  state,  the  right  of  the  people  to 
keep  and  bear  arms  shall  not  be  infringed."  — 
Art.  II. 

11.  What  is  said  respecting  quartering  soldiers? 
"  No  soldier  shall,  in  time  of  peace,  be  quartered  in 

any  house,  without  the  consent  of  the  owner,  nor  in 
time  of  war,  but  in  a  manner  to  be  prescribed  by 
law.  "—Art.  IH 

12.  What  is  the  provision  against  unreasonable 
searches  and  seizures? 

"  The  right  of  the  people  to  be  secure  in  their  per 
sons,  houses,  papers,  and  effects  against  unreasonable 
searches  and  seizures  shall  not  be  violated."  — 
Art.  IV. 

13.  What  is  required  in   order  that  a  warrant 
am  be  issued  by  a  magistrate? 

*'•  No  warrants  shall  issue  but  upon  probable  cause, 
supported  by  onth  or  affirmation,  and  particularly 
describing  the  place  to  be  searched,  and  the  person 
or  things  to  be  seized."  —  Art.  IV. 

14.  What  is  required  before  a  man  can  be  tried 
for  a  capital  or  infamous  crime  ? 


90  THE    YOUNG    CITIZEN'S    U  A.NUAL, 

"  No  person  shall  be  held  to  answer  lor  a  capita^ 
or  otherwise  infamous  crime,  unless  on  a  presentment 
or  indictment  of  a  grand  jury,  except  in  cases  arising 
ir  the  land  or  naval  forces,  or  in  the  militia,  when  in 
ncUial  service  in  time  of  war  or  public  danger."  — 
Art.  V. 

15.  What  is  an  indictment? 

An  accusation,  indorsed  by  the  grand  jury,  certi 
fying  that  they  have  found  sufficient  evidence  of 
guilt  to  justify  the  trial  of  the  accused. 

16.  Suppose  a  man  has  been  tried  for  his  life,  and 
acquitted  for  want  of  evidence  of  his  guilt,  and  af 
terwards  overwhelming  proof  of  his  guilt  is  found? 

He  cannot  be  arrested  and  tried  again  ;  for  the 
Constitution  says,  "Nor  shall  any  person  be  subject 
for  the  same  offence  to  be  twice  put  in  jeopardy  of 
life  or  limb."  —  Art.  V. 

17.  Can   any  one  be  compelled  to  bear  witness 
against  himself? 

No  one  "shall  be  compelled,  in  any  criminal  case, 
to  be  a  witness  against  himself,  nor  be  deprived  of 
life,  liberty,  or  property,  without  due  process  of  law." 
—  Art.  V. 

18.  Can  the  government  take  for  the  public  use 
the  property  of  citizens? 

Not  without  just  compensation ;  for  the  Constitu 
tion  forbids  that  "private  property  be  taken  for  pub 
lic,  use  without  just  compensation."  —  Art.  V. 

1 9.  What  provision  is  made  for  the  trial  of  those 
accused  of  crime  ? 

"  In  all  criminal  prosecutions,  the  accused  shall 
enjoy  the  right  to  a  speedy  and  public  trial,  by  an 
impartial  jury  of  the  state  and  district  wherein  tli€ 


OR    TEXT-BOOK    ON    GOVERNMENT.  91 

crime  shall  have  been  committed,  which  district 
shall  have  been  previously  ascertained  by  law."— « 
Art.  VI. 

2(L    What    injustice  does   this   provision  guard 


It  secures  the  accused  against  a  long  imprisonment 
before  being  brought  to  trial,  and  prevents  them 
from  being  taken  for  trial  to  a  part  of  the  country 
remote  from  the  scene  of  the  alleged  crime. 

21.  What  further  provision  is  made  for  justice  to 
the  accused? 

The  Constitution  requires  that  he  "be  informed 
of  the  nature  and  cause  of  the  accusation ;  to  be 
confronted  with  the  witnesses  against  him ;  to  have 
compulsory  process  for  obtaining  witnesses  in  his 
favor ;  and  to  have  the  assistance  of  counsel  for  his 
defence."  —  Art.  VI. 

22.  Are  such  safeguards  necessary  f 

The  history  of  the  past  shows  that  men  were  often 
condemned  to  punishment  without  knowing  the 
crimes  with  which  they  were  charged,  nor  the  testi 
mony  that  was  brought  against  them,  and  without 
having  the  means  or  opportunity  of  defence. 

23.  What  is  the  provision  for  trial  by  jury  in 
suits  at  common  law  f 

"  In  suits  at  common  law,  where  the  value  in  con 
troversy  shall  exceed  twenty  dollars,  the  right  of 
trial  by  jury  shall  be  preserved  ;  and  no  fact  tried  by 
a  jury  shall  be  otherwise  recxamined  in  any  court  of 
the  United  States  than  according  to  the  rules  of  the 
common  law."  —  Art.  VII. 

24.  What  is  the  provision  in  relation  to  excessive 
»7  and  cruel  punishments? 


92  THE   YOUNG   CITIZEN'S   MANUAL, 

0  Excessive  bail  shall  not  be  required,  nor  exces 
sive  fines  imposed,  nor  cruel  nor  unusual  punishments" 
inflicted."  — Art.  VIII. 

25.  What  is  the  ninth  article  of  amendment  f 
"The  enumeration  in  the  Constitution  of  certain 

rights  shall  not  be  construed  to  deny  or  disparage 
others  retained  by  the  people." 

26.  What  is  the  tenth  article  f 

"  The  powers  not  delegated  to  the  United  Statea 
by  the  Constitution,  nor  prohibited  by  it  to  the 
states,  are  reserved  to  the  states  respectively,  or  to 
the  people." 

27.  Does  the  word  "  expressly  "  occur  before  "  dele 
gated"? 

It  does  not. 

28.  What  is  the  amendment  relating  to  the  judi 
cial  power  f 

"  The  judicial  power  of  the  United  States  shall 
not  be  construed  to  extend  to  any  suit  in  law  or 
equity  commenced  or  prosecuted  against  any  one  of 
the  Ui  ited  States  by  citizens  of  another  state,  or  by 
citizens  or  subjects  of  a  foreign  state."  —  Art.  XI. 

29.  What  was  the  object  of  this  amendment  f 

To  prevent  suits  from  being  brought  against  a 
itate  by  citizens  of  another  state. 

30.  If  a  citizen  is  wronged  by  a  state,  how  can   \€ 
obtain  justice  ? 

By  the  passage  by  the  legislature  of  the  state  of  a 
law  for  his  relief. 

31.  WJiat  does  the  thirteenth  amendment  do  9 
It  abolishes  slavery. 


OR  TEXT-BOOK    ON   GOVERNMENT.  93 

32.  Wliat  does  the  fourteenth  amendment  do? 

It  states  who  are  citizens,  apportions  representa 
tives  according  to  population,  states  who  may  hold 
office,  and  affirms  the  validity  of  the  public  debt. 

33.  What  docs  the  fifteenth  amendment  do  9 

It  provides  that  the  right  of  suffrage  shall  not  be 
denied  to  persons  of  color,  and  those  who  have  been 
slaves. 


CHAPTER    XXIV. 

CONSTITUTIONS    OP   THE    STATES. 

1.  What  may  be  said  of  the  constitutions  of  the 

several  states  f 

They  are,  in  the  main,  similar  to  the  Constitution 
of  the  United  States,  and  similar  to  one  another. 

2.  How  were  they  made  f 

By  conventions  of  delegates  chosen  in  each  state 
for  that  purpose. 

3.  How  do  they  all  divide  the  powers  of  govern' 
ment? 

Into  the  legislative,  judicial,  and  executive  depart' 
ments. 

4.  Are  all  the  state  legislatures  composed  of  two 
houses  f 

They  are. 

5.  Sow  often  do  the  legislatures  meet  f 

In  most  of  the  states  they  meet  annually ;  in  some 
biennially. 


94 


THE   YOUNG   CITIZEN'S   MANUAL, 


6.  Where   is   the  executive  power  in  each  state 
vested? 

In  a  governor. 

7.  Are  all  the  governors  possessed  of  equal  powers  $ 
There  is  a  difference  In  different  states. 

8.  Are  the  judicial  systems  of  the  several  tfatet 
cimilar  f 

They  are  similar  in  many  respects,  and  yet  con 
siderable  differences  exist. 

9.  How  are  the  judges  appointed? 

In  some  states  they  are  appointed  by  the  governor 
and  confirmed  by  the  senate,  or  confirmed  by  a 
council.  In  other  states,  the  judges  are  elected  by 
a  popular  vote. 

10.  WJiat  is  the  tenure  of  office  of  the  judges  f 

In  some  states  it  is  during  good  behavior,  and  iu 
some  they  are  appointed  or  elected  for  a  year  or 
term  of  years. 

11.  Wherein  does   the  jurisdiction   of  the   state 
courts  differ  from  that  of  the  national  courts  f 

The  state  courts  have  jurisdiction  of  cases  which 
arise  under  the  laws  of  the  state. 

12.  Are  the  operations  of  the  national  and  state 
courts  perfectly  distinct  f 

Appeals  in  some  cases  are  made  from  the  state  k< 
the  national  courts,  and  in  regard  to  some  tilings, 
the  national  and  state  courts  have  concurrent  juiis- 
diction. 

13.  By  what  inferior  officers  is  a  large  part  of 
the  judicial  business  of  the  country  transacted? 

By  justices  of  the  peace. 


OR   TEXT-BOOK    ON   GOVERNMENT.  95 

14.  To  what  is  this  owing? 

To  the  fact  that  they  have  jurisdiction  in  smaller 
matters,  in  regard  to  which  the  great  majority  of 
cases  of  litigation  take  place. 

15.  How  are  they  appointed? 

In  some  states  they  are  appointed  by  the  str,te 
governments,  and  in  others  they  are  elected  by  the 
people. 

16.  What  is  the  advantage  of  having  state  govern 
ments  in  addition  to  the  national  government  ? 

The  state  governments  make  and  execute  the  laws 
required  by  the  peculiar  interests  of  each  state. 

17.  Could  not  the  general  government  make  those 
laws  ? 

It  would  be  impossible  for  Congress  to  make  the 
great  number  of  laws  which  are  needed  for  the  well- 
being  of  all  the  people  in  eo  extensive  a  country  as 
the  United  States. 

18.  How  are  the  "states  divided? 

All  the  states  are  divided  into  counties  except 
South  Carolina,  which  is  divided  into  districts,  and 
Louisiana,  which  is  divided  into  parishes. 

19.  Is  there  a  county  government  in  each  county  ? 
There  are  certain  county  officers  in  each  county, 

and  there  is  a  county  seat,  where  courts  are  held  and 
an  office  kept  for  recording  legal  documents. 

20.  How  are  the  counties  divided? 

In  New  England,  New  York,  and  some  other 
states,  they  are  divided  into  towns  or  townships, 
and  these  again  into  villages. 

21.  Wliat powers  do  the  townships  possess? 

The  inhabitants  meet  annually  to  elect  officers, 
and  to  make  regulations  in  regard  to  local  matters. 


96 


THE    YOUNG    CITIZEN'S    MANUAL, 


22.  What  is  a  city  government  f 

A  local  government  possessing  certain  powers 
contained  in  a  charter  granted  by  the  legislature  of 
the  state. 

23.  Where  are  the  legislative  powers  of  the  gov 
ernment  of  a  city  vested? 

In  a  board  of  aldermen  or  city  council,  elected  by 
the  people. 

24.  On  what  subjects  may  they  legislate  ? 

On  those  only  which  are  specified  in  the  charter. 

25.  Who  is  the  chief  executive  officer  of  the  city? 
The  mayor,  who  is  chosen  by  the  people. 

26.  What  is  necessary  in  order  that  an  act  of  the 
aldermen  or  council  may  be  valid  ? 

It  must  be  approved  by,  and  receive  the  signature 
of  the  mayor. 

27.  Suppose  he  vetoes  it  9 

It  usually  becomes  valid  without  his  signature,  if 
passed  by  two  thirds  of  the  members. 

28.  Are  the  city  governments  in  our  country  simi 
lar  to  one  another  9 

They  vary  considerably,  having  charters  specially 
granted  by  legislative  enactment. 


OR    TEXT-BOOK    OX*    GOVERNMENT.  97 

QUESTIONS    FOR    REVIEW. 

AMENDMENTS.  STATE     GOVERNMENTS. 

1.  What  did  some  of  the  states  connect  with  their  ratifica 
tions  of  the  Constitution  ? 

2.  What  action  was  taken  by  Congress  in  regard  to  these 
recommendations  ? 

3.  Car  Congress  pass  a  law  for  the  union  of  church  and 
state? 

4.  What  does  the  Constitution  secure  to  every  citizen  as  to 
his  religion  ? 

6.  Can  Congress  pass  a  law  punishing  a  man  for  speaking 
and  writing  against  the  government  ? 

6.  Why  not? 

7.  Suppose  a  man  is  guilty  of  slander  or  libel  ? 

8.  Is  Congress  under  obligation  to  receive   all  petitions 
that  are  properly  presented? 

9.  How  does  that  appear  ? 

10.  Can  Congress  prohibit  citizens  from  keeping  and  bear 
ing  arms  ? 

11.  What  is  necessary  before  a  man  can  be  tried  for  an 
Infamous  or  a  capital  crime? 

12.  Suppose  a  man  has  been  tried  for  his  life  and  acquitted? 

13.  What  security  does  the  Constitution  furnish  against  a 
long  imprisonment  of  the  accused  before  he  is  tried? 

14.  What  other  provisions  are  there  for  securing  justice  to 
th^  accused? 

15.  What  provisions  against  excessive  bail  and  cruel  pun- 
itfhments? 

16    What  was  the  object  of  the   thirteenth   amendment 
officially  announced  on  December  18,  1865  ? 

17.  How  were  the  state  constitutions  formed  ? 

18.  How  do  they  compare   with  the  Constitution  of  the 
United  States  ? 

19.  How  do  they  all  divide  the  powers  of  government  ? 

20.  Of  what  are  the  legislatures  of  all  the  states  composed  ? 


9K  THE    YOUNG    CITIZEN'S    MANUAL, 

91.  What  are  the  executives  of  the  states  called? 

22.  Are  the  judiciaries  of  the  states  similar  to  that  of  th« 
United  States? 

23.  What  laws  are  they  to  interpret? 

24.  Can  they  ever  decide  contrary  to  the  laws  of  tie  United 
States  ? 

25.  What  is  the  tenure  of  office  of  the  judges  ? 

26.  Into  what  are  the  states  divided  ? 

27.  What  is  the  advantage  of  having  state  governments  ? 

28.  Suppose  a  fftate  pass  a  law  conflicting  with  a  law  of  the 
United  States? 


CHAPTER    XXV. 

THE   ENGLISH   CONSTITUTION. 

1.  What  kind  of  a  government  is  the  English 
government  ? 

A  limited  hereditary  monarchy. 

2.  Is  it  a  constitutional  government  f 
It  is. 

3.  Has  it  a  written  or  unwritten  Constitution  f 

It  has  no  written  Constitution,  like  ours,  adopted 
by  the  vote  of  the  people. 

4.  Of  what,  then,  does  it  consist? 

It  consists  partly  of  established  usages  having  the 
force  of  law,  and  partly  of  written  laws. 

5.  How  are  the  powers  of  the  government  divided  ? 
They  are  divided  into  the  legislative,  the  judicial^ 

and  the  executive  departments. 

6.  Where  does  the  legislative  power  reside  ? 
In  Parliament. 


OB   TEXT-BOOK   ON   GOVERNMENT.  99 

7.  Of  what  is  Parliament  composed? 

Of  the  House  of  Commons  and  the  House  of  Lords, 

8.  Of  what  is  the  House  of  Commons  composed? 
The  House  of  Commons  is  composed  of  six  hun 
dred  and  fifty-five  members,  chcsen  by  the  people. 

9.  Who  may  vote  for  members  of  the  Souse  of 
Commons  f 

Certain  property  owners  or  tenants,  prescribed  by 
act  of  Parliament.  This  list  is  increased  from  time 
to  time  by  Parliamentary  enactments. 

10.  For  what  length  of  time  are  the  members 
chosen  f 

For  seven  years,  unless  Parliament  is  sooner  dis 
solved  by  the  King^ 

11.  Has  the  King  power  to  dissolve  Parliament? 
He  can  dissolve  Parliament  whenever  he  please§, 

and  order  a  new  election  of  members  of  the  House 
of  Commons. 

12.  How  often  does  Parliament  meet  f 
It  meets  annually. 

13.  "What  are  the  powers  of  Parliament  f 

The  power  of  Parliament  to  make  laws  is  anlira 
ited,  except  by  the  constitutional  usages. 

14.  What  is  necessary  in  order  that  a  bill  may 
become  a  law  ? 

It  must  receive  a  majority  of  the  votes  of  both 
houses  of  Parliament,  and  receive  the  assent  of  the 
King. 

15.  What  compensation  do  the  members  of  th* 
House  of  Commons  receive  f 

They  receive  no  pecuniary  compensation,  th« 
honor  of  being  a  member  being  deemod  sufficient. 


100  THE    YOUNG    CITIZEN'S    MANUAL, 

16.  At  what  age  may  a  man  become  a  member  of 
the  House  of  Com1). ions  f 

Twenty-one  years. 

17.  Where  must  all  bills  for  revenue  originate  $ 
In  the  House  of  Commons. 

J  8.  Can  the  House  of  Lords  alter  or  amend  suoh 
i  bill  f 

They  cannot ;  they  must  pass  or  reject  it  without 
alteration. 

19.  What  power  does  this  give  the  House  of 
Commons  f 

They  can  attach  to  a  revenue  bill  any  provisions 
they  please,  and  the  lords  must  assent  to  them,  or 
reject  the  bill,  and  thus  leave  the  government  with 
out  funds. 

20.  Can  the  Senate  of  the  United  States  alter  and 
amend  a  bill  for  revenue  ? 

They  can. 

21.  Who  presides  over  the  House  of  Commons  f 
The  Speaker,  who  is  chosen  by  the  house,  but 

must  be  approved  by  the  King. 

22.  How  is  the  House  of  Lords  composed  f 

The  House  of  Lords  is  composed  of  the  peers  of 
England,  sixteen  representative  peers  of  Scotland, 
and  twenty-eight  representative  peers  of  Ireland, 
and  the  archbishops  and  bishops  of  the  church  of 
England. 

23.  Who  are  the  peers  of  England  f 
The  nobility  of  England. 

24.^    What  are  the  different  orders  of  nobility  f 
Dukes,  marquises,  earls,  viscounts,  and  barons. 


on  TEXT-HOOK  ON  GOVERNMENT.  101 

25.  Who  succeed*  to  the  title  and  seat  of  a  peer 
at  his  death  ? 

His  oldest  son  or  nearest  surviving  male  heir. 

26.  Why  do  not  all  the  peers  of  Scotland  and  Ire 
land  have  seats  in  the  House  of  Lords  ? 

When  Scotland  and  Ireland  were  united  to  the 
British  crown,  it  was  agreed  that  the  peers  of  Soot- 
land  should  elect  sixteen  -of  their  number,  and  the 
peers  of  Ireland  twenty-eight,  to  have  seats  in  the 
House  of  Lords. 

27.  Who  is  the  presiding  officer  of  the  House  of 
Lords? 

The  Lord  High  Chancellor 

28.  Where  does  the  power  of  impeachment  reside 
In  the  House  of  Commons. 

29.  By  whom  are  impeachments  tried  f 
By  the  House  of  Lords. 

30.  What  punishment  may  be  inflicted  in  case  of 
conviction  ? 

Removal  from,  and  disqualification  for,  holding 
office,  banishment,  forfeiture  of  goods,  imprisonment, 
and  death. 

31.  Are  the  sessions  of  Parliament  open  to  spec 
tators? 

No  one  can  be  present  without  an  order  for  *3 
mission  signed  by  some  member. 


102  THE    YOUNG    CITIZEN'S    MANUAL, 

CHAPTEE    XXYI. 

THE    ENGLISH    EXECUTIVE. 

1.  Where  does  the  executive  power  reside  9 
In  a  King  or  Queen.* 

2.  What  is  a  maxim  of  the  English  Constitution 
in  rcyard  to  the  King  ? 

"  The  King  can  do  no  wrong." 

3.  What  is  the  meaning  of  that  maxim  ? 

The  responsibility  of  all  executive  acts  rests  not 
with  the  King,  but  with  his  ministers. 

4.  Who  are  the  ministers  ? 

Men  appointed  by  the  King  to  conduct  the  execu 
tive  affairs  of  the  government. 

5.  Are  the  ministers  responsible  for  all  the  official 
acts  of  the  King  ? 

They  are. 

6.  Suppose  the  King  commands  them  to  do  an  ille 
gal  act  f 

They  can  be  punished  for  doing  it. 

7.  How  could  they  avoid  doi)ig  the  illegal  act  ? 
By  resigning  their  offices. 

8.  What    constitutes   the   administration   in   tte 
'British  government  f 

The  King's  ministers. 

Q.    What  is  their  tenure  of  office  f 

They  hold  office  at  the  will  of  the  King. 

10.  Can  the  ministers  be  also  members  of  tht 
ITouse  of  Commons? 

They  may;  but  they  must  be  elected  after  they 
have  been  appointed  ministers. 


At  present,  it  is  the  Qijeen. 


OB   TEXT-BOOK   ON   GOVERNMENT.  103 

11.  What  usually  takes  place  when  a  majority  of 
the  House  of  Commons  is  opposed  to  the  measure* 
of  the  administration  ? 

The  ministers  resign,  and  new  ministers  are  ap 
pointed,  whose  views  are  supposed  to  correspond', 
with  those  of  the  majority  of  the  House  of  Com 
mons 

12.  What  other  course  is  sometimes  taken  ? 
They  advise  the  King  to  dissolve  Parliament,  and 

order  the  election  of  a  new  House  of  Commons. 

13.  When  is  this  course  taken  ? 

When  the  ministers  believe  that  they  can  secure 
in  the  new  house  a  majority  favorable  to  their  views. 

14.  What  power  has  the  King  with  respect  to  war 
and  peace  f 

He  has  the  sole  power  to  declare  war  and  make 
peace. 

15.  Does  not  this  give  the  King  nearly  absolute 
power  f 

No ;  for  he  cannot  carry  on  war  without  money, 
and  he  can  get  no  money  unless  it  is  voted  by  a 
majority  of  the  House  of  Commons. 

16.  The  sword  and  the  purse,  then,  are  not  in  the 
same  hands  ? 

The  King  holds  the  sword,  and  the  House  of  Com 
mons  the  purse. 

17.  By  whom  are  all  civil  and  military  officers  of 
\he  government  appointed^ 

•  By  the  King. 

18.  What  is  their  tenure  of  office? 

All  officers,  except  tho  judgos,  hold  office  at  the 
will  of  the  King. 


104  THE    YOUNG    CITIZEN'S   MANUAL, 

19.  What  is  the  relation  of  the  King  to  the  estab 
lished  church  1 

He  is  the  head  of  the  church. 

20.  By  whom  are  the  bishops  appointed  ? 
By  the  King  acting  by  his  ministers. 

21.  Can  the  King  suspend  or  alter  any  law  * 
lie  cannot. 

22.  Does  he  possess  -an  absolute  veto  on  all  acU 
of  Parliament  ? 

He  does ;  but  that  power  has  not  been  exercised 
for  nearly  two  centuries. 

23.  What  is  meant  by  the  maxim,  "  The  King 
never  dies  "  f 

That  the  executive  department  is  never  vacant. 
As  soon  as  the  King  dies,  his  successor  is  immediately 
clothed  with  all  his  authority. 

24.  Of  whom  does  the  Privy  Council  consist  ? 
The  Privy  Council  consists  of  such  persons  as  the 

King  sees  fit  to  appoint. 

25.  What  power  has  the  Privy  Council? 

It  has  power  to  decide  questions  relating  to  colo* 
cial  charters  and  rights,  and  in  relation  to  commerce, 


CHAPTER    XXVII. 

THE    ENGLISH    JUDICIARY. 

1.  What  is  the  highest  court  in  England? 
The  High  Court  of  Chancery. 

2.  Who  presides  over  it  f 
The  Lord  High  Chancellor. 


OB    TEXT-BOOK    ON    GOVERNMENT.  105 

3.  By  whom  is  he  appointed  ? 
By  the  King. 

4.  What  is  his  tenure  of  office  1 

The  will  of  the  King ;  but  as  he  is  a  cabinet  officer, 
he  usually  comes  into  and  goes  out  of  office  with  the 
ad  ministration. 

5.  76   the  Court  of  Chancery  solely  a  court  of 
equity  f 

It  is  both  a  court  of  equity  and  of  common  law; 
but  the  equitable  jurisdiction  constitutes  its  principal 
business. 

6.  What  inferior  Courts  of  Chancery  are  there  f 
The  Court  of  the  Master  of  the  Rolls,  and  the 

Courts  of  the  Vice-Chancellors  of  England. 

7.  What  are  the  Superior  Courts  of  Westminster 
Hall? 

The  King's  Bench,  the  Common  Pleas,  and  the 
Court  of  Exchequer. 

8.  Were  the  jurisdictions  of  these  courts  originally 
distinct  ? 

They  were. 

9.  What  cases  did  the  King's  Bench  take  copni 
zance  of? 

Criminal  cases. 

10.  What  suits  were  brought  before  ike  Common 
Vleasf 

Suits  respecting  land  titles  and  contracts. 

11.  To  what  did  the  jurisdiction  of  the  Court  of 
Exchequer  relate  f 

To  matters  relating  to  the  King's  revenue. 


THE    YOUNG   CITIZEN'S   MANUAL, 

12.  What  may  be  said  of  the  jurisdiction  of  thes& 
courts  now? 

The  three  courts  possess  concurrent  jurisdiction  in 
all  civil  matters,  except  that  real  actions  must  be 
brought  in  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas. 

13.  What  is  a  real  action  ? 

An  action  relating  to  real  estate. 

14.  Of  what  a.ies  the  Court  of  the  King's  Bench 
consist  ? 

Of  one  Chief  Justice,  and  four  puisne  judges  as 
they  are  termed. 

15.  Of  what  does  the  Common  Pleas  consist? 
Of  a  Chief  Justice  and  four  puisne  judges. 

16.  Of  what  does  the  Court  of  Exchequer  consist? 
)f  one  Chief  Baron  and  four  puisne  barons. 

17.  How  are  the  judges  appointed* 
By  the  King. 

18.  What  is  their  tenure  of  office? 
During  good  behavior. 

19.  Which  court  of  the  three  Superior  Courts  is 
the  highest  in  rank  ? 

The  King's  Bench. 

20.  Which  is  next  in  rank? 
The  Common  Pleas. 

21.  To  what  body  may  appeals  from  the  Court 
oj  Chancery  and  the  Courts  of  Westminster  Hall  be 
taken  ? 

To  the  House  of  Lords. 

22.  \Vho  always  presides  when  the  House  of  Lcrdi 
tits  as  a  court  of  appeal  in  civil  trials  ? 

The  Lord  High  Chancellor. 


OR   TEXT-BOOK    ON   GOVERNMENT.  107 

23.  What  other  members  of  the  legal  profession 
are  always  present  f 

The  judges  of  the  Superior  Ccurts  of  Westminster 
lliill  and  the  attorney-general. 

24.  Do  they  take  any  part  in  the  proceedings  ? 
Their  opinions  are  taken  on  all  difficult  questions. 

25.  What  original  criminal  jurisdiction  does  tht 
House  of  Lords  possess  ? 

All  peers  of  the  realm  are  exempt  from  trial  by 
jury  for  treason  and  felony,  and  can  be  tried  foi 
those  crimes  only  by  the  House  of  Lords. 

26.  What  is  the  Court  of  Admiralty? 

A  court  that  takes  cognizance  of  causes  relating 
to  maritime  affairs. 


CHAPTER    XXVIII. 

INTERNATIONAL   LAW. 

1.    What  is  international  law  ? 

The  rules  that  regulate  the  intercourse  of  nations. 

2.    What  should  those  rules  be  founded  on  ? 
Justice. 

3.  What  do  they  consist  of? 

The  usages  to  which  all  Christian  nations  has* 
given  their  assent. 

4.  Is  international  law  the  result  of  legislation  ? 
It  is  not.     There  is  no  international  legislature  to 

make  laws  for  the  government  of  the  nation. 


108  THE    YOUNG    CITIZEN'S    MANUAL, 

5.  When  does  a  rule  or  principle  become  a  part 
of  international  law  f 

When  it  has  received  the  assent  of  all  the  nations 
of  Christendom. 

6.  In  the  view  of  international  law,  what  relation 
do  nations  sustain  to  one  another? 

The  relation  of  equality. 

7.  What  follows  from  this  equality? 

That  every  nation  has  a  right  to  regulate  its  own 
concerns,  and  that  no  nation  should  interfere  with 
the  internal  affairs'  of  another. 

8.  What  effect  do  changes  in  the  government  of  a 
nation  have  on  its  relations  to  other  nations  ? 

They  have  no  effect.  Treaties  formed  with  a  na 
tion  under  a  kingly  government  remain  in  force 
though  that  kingly  government  be  changed  to  a 
democracy. 

9.  What  does  the  jurisdiction  of  a  nation  em 
brace  ? 

A  nation  has  exclusive  jurisdiction  over  all  it* 
territory,  and  over  the  adjoining  sea  to  the  extent 
of  a  marine  league  from  the  shore. 

10.  To  whom  does  the  open  sea  belong  ? 

The  open  sea  is  the  common  property  of  all 
nations. 

11.  What   rights   have  foreigners  residing  in  n 
country  ? 

They  are  subject  to  the  laws  of  the  country  in 
which  they  reside,  and  can  claim  protection  and 
justice,  though  they  cannot  claim  all  the  privileges 
of  citizens. 


OR    TEXT-BOOK    9X    GOVERNMENT.  100 

12.  Are  ambassadors  residing  in  a  foreign  coun 
try  subject  to  its  laws? 

They  are  not.  They  are  the  representatives  of 
th'i  country  from  which  they  are  sent,  and  are  sub 
ject  to  its  laws  only. 

13.  What  is  a  treaty? 

A  treaty  is  a  contract  between  two  ur  more 
nations. 

14.  Suppose  one  party  violates  the  treaty? 

The  other  party  is  released  from  obligation  to 
observe  it. 

15.  Suppose    a    nation    is    treated    unjustly    by 
another,  and  is  refused  redress? 

Then  war  is  its  only  means  of  redress. 

16.  Is  a  formal  declaration  of  war,  and  notice 
thereof  to  the  enemy,  necessary  before  commencing 
hostilities  ? 

It  is  not.  After  a  declaration  of  war  within  its 
own  territory,  a  nation  may  commence  hostilities. 

17.  What  is  the  effect  of  a  state  of  war  on  com 
merce? 

A  state  of  war  renders  all  commercial  intercourse 
between  the  citizens  of  the  nations  at  war  unlawful. 

18.  What  property  is  liable  to  capture? 

An  enemy's  property  of  whatever  character  at  sea 
is  liable  to  capture  and  confiscation. 

19.  What  must  be  done  with  property  thus  cap- 
in  fed? 

It  must  be  brought  into  port,  and  condemned  by 
a  prize  court  sitting  in  the  country  of  the  captor  or 
of  an  ally,  before  it  can  be  appropriated  by  the 
captor. 


110  THE    YOUNG    CITIZEN'S    MANUAL, 

20.  May  any  one  capture  the  enemy's  property  a\ 
sea  ? 

Those  only  can  make  captures  who  have  commis 
sions  from  the  government. 

21.  When  two  or  more  nations  are  at  war,  whAl 
it  the  duty  of  other  nations  ? 

All  other  nations  are  bound  to  maintain  an  iin 
partial  neutrality. 

22.  What  are  the  rights  of  neutrals  f 

Neutral  nations  have  a  right  to  carry  on  their 
ordinary  commerce  with  the  nations  at  war.  They 
must  not  deal  in  articles  contraband  of  war. 

23.  What  are  contraband  articles  f 

Arms  and  ammunition  and  other  articles  used  in 
military  operations. 

24.  From  what  are  neutrals  prohibited? 
Neutrals  are  prohibited  from  trading  with  ports 

that  are  under  blockade. 

25.  When  is  a  port  blockaded? 

When  there  is  at  hand  a  force  sufficient  to  prevent 
vessels  from  leaving  or  from  entering  it. 

26.  What  is  the  penalty  of  attempting  to  violate 
the  blockade  ? 

The  confiscation  cf  the  ship  and  cargo,  if  captmed. 

27.  Suppose  a  neutral  is  in  the  port  at  the  time 
the  blockade  is  declared? 

lie  is  allowed  to  depart  with  goods  previously 
purchased. 

28.  WJiat  is  the  right  of  search  ? 

The  right  of  public  armed  vessels  of  the  belliger 
ents  to  visit  and  search  the  vessels  of  neutrals,  in 
order  to  determine  whether  property  or  despatches 
of  the  enemy,  or  contraband  goods,  are  on  board. 


OR    TEXT-BOOK    ON    GOVERNMENT.  Ill 

29.  What  is  a  truce  ? 

A  truce  or  armistice  is  a  temporary  suspension  ol 
he  operations  of  war. 

30.  WJiat  can  be  done  daring  a  truce  f 
Nothing  to  the  prejudice  of  either  party  by  the 

>(her  which  could  have  been  prevented  in  war. 

31.  Is  piracy  forbidden  by  the  law  of  nations? 

It  is.  Piracy  is  an  offence  against  all  nations,  and 
is  punishable  by  all,  at  will. 

32.  Is  international  law  recognized  in  the  legisla 
tion  of  nations? 

It  is.  Nations  have  laws  rendering  its  violation 
penal.  According  to  Blackstone,  it  is  in  England 
held  to  be  a  part  of  the  law  of  the  land. 

33.  How  is  it  mewed  by  the  United  States  f 

The  United  States,  by  acts  of  Congress  and  by 
judicial  decisions,  has  endeavored  to  maintain  ita 
obligations. 


QUESTIONS    FOR   REVIEW. 

CONSTITUTION   OF   GREAT   BRITAIN. 

1    What  is  the  government  of  Great  Britain? 

2 ,  Has  it  a  written  constitution  ? 

3.  How  are  the  powers  ol  government  divided? 
4    Where  does  the  legislative  power  reside? 

6.  Of  what  is  Parliament  composed? 

6.  Of  what  is  the  House  of  Commons  composed? 

7.  Of  what  is  the  House  of  Lords  composed? 

8.  How  does  the  modi*  of  passing  laws  compare  with  thai 
•f  Congress  ? 

9.  Where  must  ail  bills  for  revenue  originate? 
10.  Can  the  Lords  alter  -or  amend  a  revenue  bill?  / 


112  THE    YOUNG    CITIZEN'S    MANUAL, 

1 1 .  Can  the  Senate  alter  or  amend  such  a  bill  ? 
iJ.   Who  presides  over  the  House  of  Commons  ? 

13.  Who  presides  over  the  House  of  Lords? 

14.  What  is  necessary  that  one  may  be  admitted  to  witneai 
the  dr  liberations  of  each  house  of  Parliament? 

15.  Are-  the  ordinary  session?  of  Congress  open  to  all? 

16  Where  does  the  power  ol  impeachment  reside? 

17  Where  are  impeachments  tried? 

18  What  punishments  may  follow  conviction  on  impeach- 
ment  ? 

19.  Wherein  does  the  Constitution   of  the  United   Statei 
4iffer  in  this  respect  ? 

20.  Where  is  the  executive  power  vested  ? 

21.  What  is  meant  by  the  maxim,  "The  King  never  dies  "? 

22.  How  does  the  King  exercise  his  power? 

23.  Wh/:  are  his  ministers? 

24.  Wlu  constitute  the  administration? 

25.  What  is  meant  by  the  maxim,  "The  King  can  do  no 
wrong"? 

26.  Who  are  responsible  for  all  executive  acts  ? 

27.  May  the  ministers  be  members  of  Parliament? 

28.  May  the  members  of  the  United  States  cabinet  hare 
seats  in  Congress  ? 

29.  Can  military  officers  have  seats  in  Parliament? 

30.  By  whom  can  Parliament  be  dissolved? 

31.  Has  the  President  any  such  power  over  Congress? 

32.  When  is  Parliament  usually  dissolved? 

33.  WTho  has  the  sole  power  to  declare  war  and  make  peace  ? 

34.  Who  must  furnish  the  money  to  carry  on  war  ? 

35.  Who  may  declare  war  en  the  part  of  the  United  States  I 
86.  Who  may  make  peace  ? 

37.  Who   has   the   control   of    the    public   purse   of  Great 
Britain? 

}JM.    Who  appoints  all  civil  and  military  officers? 
B9.   \Vlio  has  power  to  give  titles  of  nobility? 

40  Who  is  the  head  of  the  established  church? 

41  Of  whom  does  the  Privy  Council  consist? 

42.  What  powers  have  the  Privy  Council? 

43.  What  is  the  highest  court  of  England? 

44.  Who  presi  \es  in  this  eour<  ? 


OB    TEXT-BOOK    ON    GOVERNMENT.  113 

*5.  What  is  his  tenure  of  office  ? 

46.  What  are  the  three  Courts  of  Westminster  Hall  ? 

47.  Which  is  the  highest  in  rank  ? 

48.  Of  what  does  the  King's  Bench  consist? 

49.  Of  what  does  the  Common  Pleas  consist? 

50.  Of  what  does  the  Court  of  Exchequer  ? 

51.  What  is  the  tenure  of  office  of  the  judges? 

52.  What  is  the  final  court  of  appeal  for  all  the  bighei 
c  >urt3  ? 


CHAPTER    XXIX. 

DIFFERENT   KINDS   OF   LAW. 

1.  What  is  divine  law  ? 
Divine  law  is  the  will  of  God. 

2.  What  relation  should  all  laws  sustain  to  it  f 
All  other  laws  should  be  conformed  to  it. 

3.  What  is  constitutional  law  f 

A  system  of  fundamental  rules  determining  the 
torm  of  the  government  and  the  extent  of  its  power. 

4.  What  is  international  law  f 

A  system  of  rules  assented  to  by  all  the  nations  of 
Christendom  for  the  regulation  of  their  intercourse 
in  peace  and  war. 

5.  What  is  municipal  law  ? 

Municipal  law  is  a  rule  of  civil  conduct  prescribed 
by  the  supreme  power  in  the  state.     Municipal  law 
is  composed  of  written  and  unwritten  law ;  that  is, 
statute  D^4  conn  ion  law. 
8 


114  THE    YOUNG    CITIZEN'S    MANUAL, 

fi.    W/mt  is  statute  law  ? 

Statute  law  "  is  the  express  written  will  of  thd 
legislature,  rendered  authentic  by  certain  prescribed 
forms  and  ceremonies." 

7.  What  is  common  law  f 

"Common  law,"  says  Burrill,  "is  that  Iranch  of 
the  law  of  England  which  does  not  owe  its  origin  to 
parliamentary  enactment,  being  a  collection  of  cus 
toms,  rules,  and  maxims  which  have  acquired  the 
force  of  law  by  immemorial  usage  recognized  and 
declared  by  judicial  proceedings." 

8.  What  is  the  civil  law  f 

The  civil  law  is  the  Roman  law,  as  comprised  in 
the  Code,  Institutes,  Pandects,  and  Novels  of  the 
Emperor  JUSTINIAN  and  his  successors. 

9.  What  is  the  Code? 

"  The  Code,  in  twelve  books,  is  a  collection  of  all 
the  imperial  statutes  that  were  thought  worth  pre 
serving  from  Hadrian  to  Justinian." 

10.  What  are  the  Institutes  f 

"  The  Institutes,  or  elements  of  Roman  law,  in  four 
books,  contain  the  fundamental  principles  of  the 
ancient  law  in  a  small  body,  for  the  use  and  benefit 
of  students  at  law." 

11.  What  are  the  Pandects  f 

The  Pandects  are  an  abridgment,  in  fifty  books,  ol 
the  decisions  of  prastors  and  the  writings  and  opirv 
ions  of  the  ancient  sages  in  the  law. 

12.  What  are  the  Novels  ? 

The  Novels  of  Justiaian  are  a  collection  of  imperial 
statutes  passed  subsequently  to  the  date  of  the  Code, 
and  intended  to  supply  the  omissions  and  correct 
the  errors  of  the  preceding  publications. 


OR    TEXT-BOOK    ON    GOVERNMENT.  115 

13.  Wliat  influence  has  the  Roman  law  had  on 
the  legislation  of  modern  Europe  ? 

The  Roman  law  lies  at  the  foundation  of  all  the 
legislative  systems  of  Europe,  except  that  of  Eng* 
limcl 

1 1     What  is  the  canon  law  f 

The  canon  law  is  a  collection  of  ordinances  for 
the  regulation  of  the  polity  and  discipline  of  the 
church  of  Rome. 

15.  What  is  martial  law  1 

Martial  law  is  the  expressed  will  of  a  military  com 
mander.  When  martial  law  is  proclaimed  in  a  city 
or  district,  municipal  law  is  suspended,  and  the  will 
of  the  military  commander  becomes  the  supreme 
law. 

16.  What  is  parliamentary  law  f 

It  is  a  system  of  rules  for  regulating  the  proceed 
ings  of  legislative  and  other  deliberative  bodies. 

17.  Whence  were  these  rules  originally  derived? 
They  were  originally  derived  from  the  usages  of 

the  "British  Parliament,  and  have  been,  with  somr. 
modifications,  adopted  by  Congress  and  the  sta/tf 
legislatures. 

18.  Are  not  all  deliberative  bodies  at  liberty  to 
make  their  own  rules  ? 

They  are;  but  the  same  rules  have  been  very  gen- 
sraily  adopted  by  all  parliamentary  bodies. 


*3  THE    YOUNG    CITIZENS    MANUAL, 

QUESTIONS    FOR    REVIEW. 

INTERNATIONAL   LAW.  —  DIFFERENT   KINDS    OF   LAW. 

1    What  is  international  law? 

2.  When  does  a  rule  or  principle  become  a  part  of  interna 
tional  law? 

3.  What  relations  do  nations  sustain  to  one  another  in  the 
new  of  toternational  law? 

4.  M»yone  country  interfere  with  the  domestic  concerns 
of  other  'rations? 

5.  What  effect  has  a  change  of  go.vernment  in  a  nation  on 
its  relati  >ns  to  other  nations  ? 

6.  Waat  is  the  remedy  when  one  nation  injures  another, 
and  refnses  to  make  redress? 

7.  What  effect  has  war  on  the  lawfulness  of  commercial 
Intercourse  between  the  people  of  the  nations  at  war? 

8.  What  property  of  an  enemy  is  liable  to  capture? 

9.  May  any  one  capture  and  appropriate  the  property  of 
an  enemy? 

10.  When  war  exists  between  two  or  more  nations,  what  in 
the  duty  of  other  nations  ? 

11.  What  rights  have  neutrals  as  to  trade? 

12.  What  are  contraband  goods  ? 

13.  When  is  a  port  blockaded? 

14.  What  is  the  penalty  of  violating  a  blockade? 

15.  To  whom  does  the  sea  belong? 

16.  How  far  from  land  does  the  jurisdiction  of  a  count™ 
sxtend? 

17.  What  is  a  treaty? 

18.  Suppose  one  party  fails  to  observe  its  stipulations? 

19.  What  is  the  moral  or  divine  law?    Ans.  The  law  of 
right. 

20.  What  is  the  standaid  of  this  law?    Ans.  The  will  of 
God. 

21.  What  relation  should  all  other  kinds   of  law  sustain 
to  it? 


OR   TEXT-BOOK    ON    GOVERNMENT.  117 

22.  What  is  constitutional  law? 

23.  What  is  municipal  law? 

24.  What  is  statute  law? 

25.  What  is  the  common  law? 

26.  What  is  the  civil  law  ? 

27.  What  is  the  Code  ? 

28.  What  are  the  Institutes  ? 

29.  What  are  the  Pandects  ? 

30.  What  are  the  Novels  ? 

31.  What  is  canon  law? 
82.  What  is  martial  law? 

88.  What  is  parliament*!/  Isr? 


CONSTITUTION 


UNITED     STATES    OF    AMERICA 


NOTE  BY  THE  roBLisiittBB. — The  Constitution  and  Amendments  are  here 
printed  with  the  orthography,  punctuation,  and  capitals  of  the  original  doc 
uments,  as  certified  to  by  the  Hon.  William  H.  Howard,  late  Secretary  of  State. 
The  figures,  however,  at  the  heads  of  the  parts  of  the  sections  are  not  in  th* 
originals  :  they  are  here  used  for  convenience  in  reference. 


%  PREAMBLE. 

WE,  the  People  of  the  United  States,  in  order  to  form  a 
more  perfect  Union,  establish  Justice,  insure  domestic  Tran 
quillity,  provide  for  the  common  defence,  promote  the  general 
Welfare,  and  secure  the  Blessings  of  Liberty  to  ourselves  and 
our  Posterity,  do  ordain  and  establish  this  CONSTITUTION  for 
the  United  States  of  America. 

ARTICLE     I. 

SECTION  !.—(!.)  All  legislative  Powers  herein  granted  shall 
be  vested  in  a  Congress  of  the  United  States,  which  shall  con 
sist  of  a  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives. 

SEC  2 — (1.)  The  House  of  Representatives  shall  be  com 
posed  of  Members  chosen  every  second  Year  by  the  People  ol 
the  several  States,  and  the  Electors  in  each  State  shall  have 
the  Qualifications  requisite  for  Electors  of  the  most  numerous 
Branch  of  the  State  Legislature. 

(2.)  No  Person  shall  be  8  Representative  who  shall  not  have 
attained  to  the  Age  of  twenty-five  Years,  and  been  seven  Year? 


120  THE    YOUNG    CITIZEN'S    MANUA1,, 

a  Citizen  of  the  United  States,  and  \vlio  shall  not,  when  elected 
be  an  Inhabitant  of  that  state  in  which  he  shall  be  chosen. 

(3.)  Representatives  and  direct  Taxes  shall  be  apportioned 
among  the  several  States  which  may  be  included  within  tliii 
Union,  according-  to  their  respective  Numbers,  which  shall  be 
determined  by  adding  to  the  whole  Number  of  free  Persons, 
including  those  bound  to  Service  for  a  Term  of  Years,  and 
xcluding  Indians  not  taxed,  three  fifths  of  all  other  Persons 
The  actual  Enumeration  shall  be  made  within  three  Year* 
fter  the  first  Meeting  of  the  Congress  of  the  United  States, 
and  within  every  subsequent  Term  of  ten  Years,  in  such  Man 
ner  as  they  shall  by  Law  direct.  The  Number  of  Representa 
tives  shall  not  exceed  one  for  every  thirty  Thousand,  but  each 
State  shall  have  at  Least  one  Representative  ;  and  until  such 
enumeration  shall  be  made,  the  State  of  New  Hampshire  shall 
be  entitled  to  chuse  three,  Massachusetts  eight,  Rhode  Island 
and  Providence  Plantations  one,  Connecticut  five,  New  York 
eix,  New  Jersey  four,  Pennsylvania  eight,  Delaware  one,  Mary 
land  six,  Virginia  ten,  North  Carolina  five,  South  Carolina  five, 
and  Georgia  three. 

(4.)  When  vacancies  happen  in  the  Representation  from  any 
State,  the  Executive  Authority  thereof  shall  issue  Writs  ol 
Election  to  fill  such  Vacancies. 

(5.)  The  House  of  Representatives  shall  chuse  their  Speakef 
and  other  Officers;  and  shall  have  the  sole  Power  of  Im 
peachment. 

SEC.  3. — (I.)  The  Senate  of  the  United  States  shall  be  com 
posed  of  two  Senators  from  each  State,  chosen  by  the  Legisla 
ture  thereof,  for  six  Years ;  and  each  Senator  shall  have  one 
Vote. 

(2.)  Immediately  after  they  shall  be  assembled  in  Conse 
quence  of  the  first  Election,  they  shall  be  divided  as  equally 
as  may  be  into  three  Classes.  The  Seats  of  the  Senators  of 
the  first  Class  shall  be  vacated  at  the  Expiration  of  the  second 
Year,  of  the  second  Class  at  the  Expiration  of  the  fourth  Year. 
and  of  the  third  Class  at  the  Expiration  of  the  sixth  Year,  so 
that  one  third  may  be  chosen  every  second  Year  ;  and  if  Va 
cancies  happen  by  Resignation,  or  otherwise,  during  *.he  Recesa 
of  the  Legislature  of  any  State,  the  Executive  thereof  may 
make  temporary  Appointments  until  the  next  Meeting  of  tin 
Legislature,  which  shall  then  fill  such  Vacancies. 

(3.)  No  Person  shall  be  a  Senator  who  shall  not  have  *t> 


OR    TEX  T-BOOK    OF    GOVERNMENT.  121 

tained  to  the  Age  of  thirty  Years,  and  been  nine  Years  a  Citi 
ren  of  the  United  States,  and  who  shall  not,  when  elected,  be 
an  Inhabitant  of  that  State  for  which  he  shall  be  chosen. 

(4  )  The  Vice-President  of  the  United  States  shall  be  Presi 
dent  of  the  Senate,  but  shall  have  no  'Vote  unless  they  b* 
squally  divided. 

(5.)  Tho  Senate  shall  chuse  their  other  Officers,  and  also  a 
JVesiden  pro  tempore,  in  the  Absence  of  the  Vice-President, 
cr  when  he  shall  exercise  the  Office  of  President  of  the  United 
States. 

(0.)  The  Senate  shall  have  the  sole  Power  to  try  all  Impeach, 
ments.  When  sitting  for  that  Purpose,  they  shall  be  on  Oath 
or  Affirmation.  When  the  President  of  the  United  States  is 
tried,  the  Chief  Justice  shall  preside  :  And  no  Person  shall  be 
convicted  without  the  Concurrence  of  two  thirds  of  the  Mem 
bers  present. 

(7.)  Judgment,  in  Cases  of  Impeachment  shall  not  extend 
further  than  to  removal  from  Office,  and  Disqualification  to 
hold  and  enjoy  any  Office  of  honour,  Trust  or  Profit  under  the 
United  States :  but  the  Party  convicted  shall  nevertheless  be 
liable  and  subject  to  Indictment,  Trial,  Judgment  and  Punish 
ment,  according  to  Law. 

SEC.  4. — (1.)  The  Times,  Places  and  Manner  of  holding 
Elections  for  Senators  and  Representatives,  shall  be  prescribed 
in  each  State  ty  the  Legislature  thereof ;  but  the  Congress 
may  at  any-  time  by  Law  make  or  alter  such  Regulations,  ex 
cept  as  to  the  places  of  chusing  Senators. 

(2.)  The  Congress  shall  assemble  at  least  once  in  every  Year, 
and  such  Meeting  shall  be  on  the  first  Monday  in  December, 
unless  they  shall  by  Law  appoint  a  different  Day. 

SEC.  5. — (1.)  Each  House  shall  be  the  Judge  of  the  Elections, 
Beturns  and  Qualifications  of  its  own  Members,  and  a  Majority 
f  each  shall  constitute  a  Quorum  to  do  Business ;  but  a  smallei 
Kumber  may  adjourn  from  day  to  day,  and  may  be  authorized 
lo  compel  the  Attendance  of  absent  Members,  in  such  Manner, 
ftnd  under  such  Penalties  as  each  House  may  provide. 

(2.)  Each  House  may  determine  the  Rules  of  its  Proceedings, 
punish  its  Members  for  disorderly  Behaviour,  and,  with  the 
Concurrence  of  two  thirds,  expel  a  Member. 

(3.)  Each  House  shall  keep  a  Journal  of  its  Proceedings,  and 
from  time  to  time  publish  the  same,  excepting  such  Parts  ai 
may  in  their  Judgment  require  Secrecy  ;  and  the  Yeas  and 


122  THE    YOUNG    CITIZEN'S    MANUAL, 

Nays  of  the  Members  of  either  House  on  any  question  shall, 
at  the  Desire  of  one  fifth  of  those  Present,  be  entered  on  th« 
Journal. 

(4.)  Neither  House,  during  the  Session  of  Congress,  shall, 
without  the  Consent  of  the  other,  adjourn  for  more  than  three 
days,  nor  to  any  other  Place  than  that  in  which  the  two  Houses 
•hall  be  sitting 

SEC.  6. — (1.)  The  Senators  and  Representatives  shall  receiva 
%  Compensation  for  their  Services,  to  be  ascertained  by  Law. 
*cd  paid  out  of  the  Treasury  of  the  United  States.  They  shall 
in  all  Cases,  except  Treason,  Felony  and  Breach  of  the  Peace, 
bo  privileged  from  Arrest  during  their  Attendance  at  the  ses 
sion  of  their  respective  Houses,  and  in  going  to  and  returning 
from  the  same ;  and  for  any  Speech  or  Debate  in  either  House, 
they  shall  not  be  questioned  in  any  other  Place. 

(2.)  No  Senator  or  Representative  shall,  during  the  Time  for 
which  he  was  elected,  be  appointed  to  any  civil  Office  under 
the  Authority  of  the  United  States,  which  shall  have  been 
created,  or  the  Emoluments  whereof  shall  have  been  increased 
during  such  time ;  and  no  Person  holding  any  Office  under 
the  United  States,  shall  be  a  Member  of  either  House  during 
his  Continuance  in  Office. 

SEC.  7. — (1.)  All  Bills  for  raising  Revenue  shall  originate  in 
the  House  of  Representatives ;  but  the  Senate  may  propose  or 
concur  with  Amendments  as  on  other  Bills. 

(2.)  Every  Bill  which  shall  have  passed  the  House  of  Rep 
resentatives  and  the  Senate,  shall,  before  it  become  a  Law,  be 
presented  to  the  President  of  the  United  States  ;  If  he  approve 
he  shall  sign  it,  but  if  not  he  shall  return  it,  with  his  Objec 
tions  to  that  House  in  which  it  shall  have  originated,  who 
shall  enter  the  Objections  at  large  on  their  Journal,  and  pro 
ceed  to  reconsider  it.  If  after  such  Reconsideration  two  thirdi 
of  that  House  shall  agree  to  pass  the  Bill,  it  shall  be  sent, 
together  with  the  Objections,  to  the  other  House,  by  which  it 
fl  B!!  likewise  be  reconsidered,  and  if  approved  by  two  thirds! 
"1  that  House,  it  shall  become  a  Law.  But,  in  all  such  Cases, 
i  he  Votes  of  both  Houses  shall  be  determined  by  yeas  and 
Nays,  and  the  Names  of  the  Persons  voting  for  and  against 
the  Bill  shall  be  entered  on  the  Journal  of  each  House  respec 
tively.  If  any  Bill  shall  not  be  returned  by  the  President 
within  ten  Days  (Sundays  excepted)  after  it  shall  have  be*;n 
presented  to  him,  the  Same  shall  be  a  law,  in  like  Manner  ai 


OR    TEXT-HOOK    OF    GOVEUXMENT.  12J 

tf  he  Lad  signed  it,  unless  the  Congress  by  their  Adjournment 
prevent  its  Return,  in  which  case  it  shall  not  be  a  Law. 

(3.)  Every  Order,  Resolution,  or  Vote,  to  which  the  Concur 
rence  of  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  may  be 
K».^essary  (except  on  a  question  of  Adjournment)  shall  be  pre- 
aented  to  the  President  of  the  United  States  ;  and  before  th« 
Same  shall  take  Effect,  shall  be  approved  by  him,  or  being 
lisapproved  by  him,  shall  be  repassed  by  two  thirds  of  the 
Senate  and  House  of  Representatives,  according  to  the  Rule* 
and  Limitations  prescribed  in  the  Case  of  a  bill. 

SEC.  8.— The  Congress  shall  have  Power 

(1.)  To  lay  and  collect  Taxes,  Duties,  Imposts  and  Excises, 
to  pay  the  Debts  and  provide  for  the  common  Defence  and 
general  Welfare  of  the  United  States ;  but  all  Duties,  Imposts 
and  Excises  shall  be  uniform  throughout  the  United  States  ; 

(2.)  To  borrow  Money  on  the  credit  of  the  United  States  ; 

(3.)  To  regulate  Commerce  with  foreign  Nations,  and  among 
the  several  States,  and  with  the  Indian  Tribes ; 

(4)  To  establish  an  uniform  Rule  of  Naturalization,  and 
uniform  Laws  on  the  subject  of  Bankruptcies  throughout  the 
United  States  ; 

(5.)  To  coin  Money,  regulate  the  Value  thereof,  and  of  for- 
eign  Coin,  and  fix  the  Standard  of  Weights  and  Measures  ; 

(6.)  To  provide  for  the  Punishment  of  counterfeiting  the 
Securities  and  current  Coin  of  the  United  States  ; 

(7.)  To  establish  Post  Offices  and  post  Roads ; 

(8.)  To  promote  the  progress  of  Science  and  useful  Arts,  by 
securing  for  limited  Times  to  Authors  and  Inventors  the  ex 
clusive  Right  to  their  respective  Writings  and  Discoveries  ; 

(^  To  constitute  Tribunals  inferior  to  the  supreme  Court ; 

(10.;  To  define  and  punish  Piracies  and  Felonies  committed 
on  the  high  Seas,  and  Offences  against  ihe  Law  of  Na 
tions  ; 

(11.)  To  declare  War,  grant  Letters  of  Marque  and 
Reprisal,  and  make  Rules  concerning  Captures  on  Land  and 
Water; 

(12.)  Tc  raise  and  support  Armies,  but  no  Appropriation  o! 
Money  to  that  Use  shall  be  for  a  longer  Term  than  two 
Tears ; 

(13.)  To  provide  and  maintain  a  Navy  ; 
(14.)  To  make  Rules  for  the  Government  and  Regulation  01 
Ihe  land  and  naval  Forces  ; 


124  THE    YOUNG    CITIZEN'S    MANUAL 

(15.)  To  provide  for  calling  forth  the  Militia  to  execute  th« 
Laws  of  the  Union,  suppress  Insurrections  and  repel  Inva 
Bions  ; 

(16.)  To  provide  for  organizing,  arming,  and  discipliiiing 
the  Militia,  and  for  governing  such  Part  of  them  as  may  b* 
employed  in  the  Service  of  the  United  States,  reserving  to  the 
States  respectively,  the  Appointment  of  the  Officers,  and  frbs 
authority  of  training  the  Militia  according  to  the  Discipline 
prescribed  by  Congress ; 

(17.)  To  exercise  exclusive  Legislation  in  all  Cases  whatso 
ever,  over  such  District  (not  exceeding  ten  Miles  square)  as 
may,  by  Cession  of  particular  States,  and  the  Acceptance  ol 
Congress,  become  the  Seat  of  Government  of  the  United  States, 
and  to  exercise  like  Authority  over  all  Places  purchased  ty 
the  Consent  of  the  Legislature  of  the  State  in  which  the  same 
shall  be,  for  the  Erection  of  Forts,  Magazines,  Arsenals,  Dock- 
Yards,  and  other  needful  Buildings ; — And 

(18.)  To  make  all  Laws  which  shall  be  necessary  and  proper 
for  carrying  into  execution  the  foregoing  Powers,  and  all  other 
powers  vested  by  this  Constitution  in  the  Government  of  the 
United  States,  or  in  any  Department  or  Officer  thereof. 

SEC.  9.— (1.)  The  Migration  or  Importation  of  such  Persons 
as  any  of  the  States  now  existing  shall  think  proper  to  admit, 
shall  not  be  prohibited  by  the  Congress  prior  to  the  Year  one 
thousand  eight  hundred  and  eight,  but  a  Tax  or  Duty  may  be 
imposed  on  such  Importation,  not  exceeding  ten  dollars  for 
each  Person. 

(2.)  The  Privilege  of  the  Writ  of  Habeas  Corpus  shall  not 
be  suspended,  unless  when  in  Cases  of  Rebellion  or  Invasion 
the  public  Safety  may  require  it. 

(3.)  No  Bill  of  Attainder  or  ex   post  facto   Law  shall  be 


(4.)  No  Capitation,  or  other  direct,  Tax  shall  be  laid,  unlcst 
in  Proportion  to  the  Census  or  Enumeration  hereinbefore  di 
rected  to  be  taken. 

(5.)  No  Tax  or  Duty  shall  be  laid  on  Articles  exported  from 
»nr  State. 

(6.)  No  Preference  shall  be  given  by  any  Regulation  of  Com 
merce  or  Revenue  to  the  Ports  of  one  State  over  those  of 
another :  nor  shall  Vessels  bound  to,  or  from,  one  State,  be 
obliged  to  enter,  clear,  or  pay  Duties  in  another. 

(7.)  No  Money  shall  be  drawn  from  the  Treasury,  but  in 


OB   TEXT-BOOK    ON    GOVERNMENT.  125 

Consequence  of  Appropriations  made  by  Law  ;  and  a  rt  gulai 
Statement  and  Account  of  the  Receipts  and  Expenditures  ol 
all  public  Money  shall  be  published  from  time  to  time. 

(8.)  No  Title  of  Nobility  shall  be  granted  by  the  United 

B  ;ates :  And  no  Person  holding1  any  Office  of  Profit  or  Tnisl 

Wider  them,  shall,  without  the  Consent  of  the  Congress  accept 

*?  any  present,  Emolument,  Office,  or  Title  of  any  kind  what' 

^er,  from  any  King,  Prince,  or  foreign  State. 

SEC.  10. — (1.)  No  State  shall  enter  into  any  Treaty,  Alliance, 
oar  Confederation  ;  grant  Letters  of  Marque  and  Reprisal  ;  coin 
Money ;  emit  Bills  of  Credit ;  make  any  Thing  but  gold  ard 
silver  Coin  a  Tender  in  Payment  of  Debts ;  pass  any  Bill  of 
Attainder,  ex  post  facto  Law,  or  Law  impairing  the  Obligation 
of  Contracts ;  or  grant  any  Title  of  Nobility. 

(2.)  No  State  shall,  without  the  consent  of  the  Congress,  lay 
any  Imposts  or  Duties  on  Imports  or  Exports,  except  what 
may  be  absolately  necessary  for  executing  its  inspection  Laws  : 
and  the  net  Produce  of  all  Duties  and  Imposts,  laid  by  any 
State  on  Imports  or  Exports,  shall  be  for  the  Use  of  the  Trea 
sury  of  the  United  States ;  and  all  such  Laws  shall  be  subject 
tr>  the  Revision  and  Controul  of  the  Congress. 

(3.;  No  State  shall,  without  the  Consent  of  Congress,  lay  any 
Duty  of  Tonnage,  keep  Troops,  or  Ships  of  War  in  time  of 
Peace,  enter  into  any  Agreement  or  Compact  with  anothei 
State,  or  with  a  foreign  Power,  or  engage  in  War,  unless  ac 
tually  invaded,  or  in  such  imminent  Danger  as  wilJ  not  admit 
of  Delay. 

ARTICLE    II. 

SECTION  !.—(!.)  The  executive  Power  shall  be  vested  in  a 
President  of  the  United  States  of  America.  He  shall  hold  his 
Office  during  the  Term  of  four  Years,  and,  together  with  the 
Vice-President,  chosen  for  the  same  Term,  be  elected  as  fol- 

DWS 

(2.)  Each  State  shall  appoint,  in  such  Manner  as  the  Legis- 
&t  are  thereof  may  direct,  a  Number  of  Electors,  equal  to  the 
vhole  Number  of  Senators  and  Representatives  to  which  the 
«3tate  may  be  entitled  in  the  Congress:  but  no  Senatoi 
or  Representative,  or  Person  holding  an  Office  of  Trust  01 
Profit  under  the  United  States,  shall  be  appointed  an 
Elector 


126  THE   YOUNG    CITIZEN'S   MANUAL, 

[3.  *The  Electors  shall  meet  in  their  respective  States,  and  vote  by  Ballot 
for  two  Persons,  of  whom  one  at  least  shall  not  be  an  Inhabitant  of  the  sam« 
State  with  themselves.-  And  they  shall  make  a  List  of  all  the  Persons  voted 
for,  and  of  the  Number  of  Votes  for  each ;  which  List  they  shall  sign  and 
certify,  and  transmit  sealed  to  the  Seat  of  the  Government  of  t-Je  United 
States,  directed  to  the  President  of  the  Senate.  The  President  oi  the  Senate 
Bhall,  in  the  Presence  of  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives,  open  al] 
the  Certificates,  and  the  Votes  shall  then  be  counted.  The  Person  having 
the  greatest  Number  of  Votes  shall  be  the  President,  if  such  Numbei  be  • 
Majority  of  the  whole  Number  of  Electors  appointed;  and  if  there  be  moie 
than  one  who  have  such  Majority,  and  have  an  equal  Number  of  Votes,  thet 
the  House  of  Representatives  shall  immediately  chuse,  by  Ballot,  one  of  them 
for  President ;  and  if  no  Person  have  a  Majority,  then,  from  the  five  highest 
on  the  List,  the  said  House  shall,  in  like  Manner,  chuse  the  President.  But, 
In  chusing  the  President,  the  Votes  shall  be  taken  by  States,  the  Representa 
tion  from  each  State  having  one  Vote ;  A  Quorum  for  this  Purpose  shall  con 
sist  of  a  Member  or  Members  from  two  thirds  of  the  States,  and  a  Majority 
of  all  the  States  shall  be  necessary  to  a  Choice.  In  every  Case,  after  the 
Choice  of  the  President,  the  Person  having  the  greatest  Number  of  Votes  of 
the  Electors  shall  be  the  Vice-President.  But  if  there  should  remain  two  or 
more  who  have  equal  Votes,  the  Senate  shall  chuse  from  them,  by  Ballot,  the 
Vice-president.] 

(4.)  The  Congress  may  determine  the  Time  of  chnsing  the 
Electors,  and  the  Day  on  which  they  shall  give  the^r  Votes; 
which  Day  shall  be  the  same  throughout  the  United  States. 

(5.)  No  Person  except  a  natural  born  Citizen,  or  a  Citizen  of 
the  United  States,  at  the  time  of  the  Adoption  of  this  Consti 
tution,  shall  be  eligible  to  the  Office  of  President;  neither 
dhall  any  Person  be  eligible  to  that  Office  who  shall  not  have 
attained  to  the  Age  of  thirty  five  Years,  and  been  fourteen 
Years  a  Resident  within  the  United  States. 

(6.)  In  Case  of  the  Removal  of  the  President  from  Office,  or 
?f  his  Death,  Resignation,  or  Inability  to  discharge  the  Powers 
and  Duties  of  the  said  Office,  the  same  shall  devolve  on  the 
Vice-President,  and  the  Congress  may  by  Law  provide  for  tba 
Case  of  Removal,  Death,  Resignation,  or  Inability,  both  of  the 
President  and  Vice-President,  declaring  what  Officer  shall  then 
act  as  President,  and  such  Officer  shall  act  accordingly,  until 
the  Disability  be  removed,  or  a  President  shall  be  elected. 

(7.)  The  President  shall,  at  stated  Times,  receive  for  his  Ser- 
'dees,  a  Compensation,  which  shall  neither  be  encreased  no? 
diminished  during  the  Period  for  which  he  shall  have  been 
elected,  and  he  shall  not  receive  within  that  Period  any  othei 
Emolument  from  the  United  States,  or  any  of  them. 

•This  has  been  changed   >y  Article  XFI.  of  the  Amendments.     Sec  p«e«  183. 


OR   TEXT-BOOK    ON    GOVERNMENT.  12? 

(8.)  Before  lie  enter  on  the  Execution  of  his  Office,  be  sbau 
take  the  following  Oath  or  Affirmation  : — 

"I  do  solemnly  swear  (or  affirm)  that  I  will  faithfully  exe 
cute  the  Office  of  President  of  the  United  States,  and  will  to 
the  best  of  my  Ability,  preserve,  protect,  and  defend  the  Con 
Btitution  of  the  United  States." 

SEC.  2. — (1.)  The  President  shall  be  Commander  in  (\hief  oi 
*he  Army  and  Navy  of  the  United  States,  and  of  the  Mi]  his 
of  the  several  States,  when  called  into  the  actual  Service  oi 
ths  United  States ;  he  may  require  the  Opinion,  in  writing,  oi 
the  principal  Officer  in  each  of  the  executive  Departments, 
upon  any  Subject  relating  to  the  Duties  of  their  respective 
Offices,  and  he  shall  have  Power  to  grant  Reprieves  and  Par 
dons  for  Offences  against  the  United  States,  except  in  Cases  of 
Impeachment. 

(2.)  He  shall  have  Power,  by  and  with  the  Advice  and  Con 
sent  of  the  Senate,  to  make  Treaties,  provided  two  thirds  of 
the  Senators  present  concur ;  and  he  shall  nominate,  and  by 
and  with  the  Advice  and  Consent  of  the  Senate,  shall  appoint, 
Ambassadors,  other  public  Ministers  and  Consuls,  J  udges  ol 
the  supreme  Court,  and  all  other  Officers  of  the  United  States, 
whose  Appointments  are  not  herein  otherwise  provided  for, 
and  which  shall  be  established  by  Law :  but  the  Congress  may 
by  Law  vest  the  Appointment  of  such  inferior  Officers,  as  they 
think  proper,  in  the  President  alone,  in  the  Courts  of  Law,  or 
in  the  Heads  of  Departments. 

(3.)  The  President  shall  have  Power  to  fill  up  all  Vacancies 
that  may  happen  during  the  Recess  of  the  Senate,  by  grant 
ing  Commissions  which  shall  expire  at  the  end  of  their  next 
Session. 

SEC.  3. — (1.)  He  shall  from  time  to  time  give  to  the  Congress 
Information  of  the  State  of  the  Union,  and  recommend  to  their 
Consideration  such  Measures  as  he  shall  judge  necessary  and 
expedient.  He  may,  on  extraordinary  Occasions,  convene  both 
Houses,  or  either  of  them,  and  in  Case  of  Disagreement  be 
tween  them,  with  Respect  to  the  Time  of  Adjournment,  he 
ciay  adjourn  them  to  such  Time  as  he  shall  think  proper  :  he 
gl  all  receive  Ambassadors  and  other  public  Ministers:  he  shall 
take  Care  that  the  Laws  be  faithfully  executed  •.  and  shall 
Commission  all  the  officers  of  the  United  States. 

SEC.  4. — (t.)  The  President,  Vice  President,  and  all  civil 
Officers  of  the  United  States,  shall  be  removed  from  Office  on 


128  THE    YOUNG    L'lTIXEN'S    UArfUAL, 

Impeachment  for,  and  Conviction  of,  Treason.  Bribery,  or  oth« 
high  Crimes  and  Misdemeanors. 

ARTICLE     III. 

SECTION  1. — (1.)  The  judicial  Power  of  the  United  States, 
shall  be  vested  in  one  supreme  Court,  and  in  such  in fe riot 
Courts  as  the  Congress  may  from  time  to  time  ordain  and 
establish.  The  Judges,  both  of  the  supreme  and  inferior 
Courts,  shall  hold  their  Offices  during  good  Behaviour,  and 
•shall,  at  stated  Times,  receive  for  their  Services,  a  Compensa 
tion  which  shall  not  be  diminished  during  their  Continuance 
in  Office. 

SEC.  2. — (1.)  The  judicial  Power  shall  extend  to  all  Cases, 
in  Law  and  Equity,  arising  under  this  Constitution,  the  Lawi 
of  the  United  States,  and  Treaties  made,  or  which  shall  be 
made,  under  their  Authority  , — to  all  Cases  affecting  Ambassa 
dors,  other  public  Ministers,  and  Consuls ; — to  all  Cases  01 
admiralty  and  maritime  Jurisdiction;  —  to  Controversies  to 
which  the  United  States  shall  be  a  Party  ; — to  Controversies 
between  two  or  more  States  ; — between  a  State  and  Citizen,* 
of  another  State  ; — between  Citizens  of  different  States  ; — be 
tween  Citizens  of  the  same  State  claiming  Lands  under  Grants 
of  different  States,  and  between  a  State,  or  the  Citizens  thereof, 
and  foreign  States,  Citizens  or  Subjects. 

(2.)  In  all  Cases  affecting  Ambassadors,  other  public  Minis 
ters  and  Consuls,  and  those  in  which  a  State  shall  be  Party., 
the  supreme  Court  shall  have  original  Jurisdiction.  In  all  the 
other  Cases  before  mentioned,  the  supreme  Court  shall  have 
appellate  Jurisdiction,  both  as  to  Law  and  Fact,  with  such  Ex 
ceptions,  and  under  such  Regulations  as  the  Congress  shal 
make. 

(3.)  The  Trial  of  all  Crimes,  except  in  Cases  of  Impeachment 
shall  be  by  Jury ;  and  such  Trial  shall  be  held  in  the  Stnt 
tear  re  the  said  Crimes  shall  have  been  committed  ;  but  when 
got  committed  within  any  State,  the  Trial  shall  be  at  such 
Place  or  Places  as  the  Congress  may  by  Law  have  directed. 

Sue.  3.— (1.)  Treason  against  the  United  States,  shall  con- 
s  at  only  in  levying  War  against  them,  or  in  adhering  to  theil 
Enemies,  giving  them  Aid  and  Comfort.  No  Person  shall  be 
convicted  of  Treason  unless  on  the  Testimony  of  two  Wit 
nesses  to  the  same  overt  Act.  or  on  Confession  in  oueu  Cburt 


OR   TEXT-BOOK    ON    GOVERNMENT.  129 

(2.)  The  Congress  shall  have  Power  to  declare  the  Punish 
ment  of  Treason,  but  no  Attainder  of  Treason  shall  work  (tor- 
ruption  of  Blood,  or  Forfeiture  except  during  the  Life  of  th« 
Person  attainted. 

ARTICLE    IV. 

SECTION  1. — (1.)  Full  Faith  and  Credit  shall  be  given 
each  State  to  the  public  Acts,  Records,  and  judicial  Proceedings 
of  every  other  State.    And  the  Congress  may  by  general  Laws 
prescribe  the  Manner  hi  which  such  Acts,  Records  and  Pro 
ceedings  shall  be  proved  and  the  Effect  thereof. 

SEC.  2.— (1.)  The  Citizens  of  each  State  shall  be  entitled 
to  all  Privileges  and  Immunities  of  Citizens  in  the  several 
States. 

(2.)  A  Person  charged  in  any  State  with  Treason,  Felony,  or 
other  Crime,  who  shall  flee  from  Justice,  and  be  found  in 
another  State,  shall  on  Demand  of  the  executive  Authority  of 
the  State  from  which  he  fled,  be  delivered  up,  to  be  removed 
to  the  State  having  Jurisdiction  of  the  Crima 

(3.)  No  Person  held  to  Service  or  Labour  in  one  State,  under 
the  Laws  thereof,  escaping  into  another,  shall,  in  Consequence 
of  any  Law  or  Regulation  therein,  be  discharged  from  such 
Service  or  Labour,  but  shall  be  delivered  up  on  Claim  of  the 
Party  to  whom  such  Service  or  Labour  may  be  due. 

SEC.  3.— (1.)  New  States  may  be  admitted  by  the  Congress 
into  this  Union  ;  but  no  new  State  shall  be  formed  or  erected 
within  the  Jurisdiction  of  any  other  State  ;  nor  any  State  be 
formed  by  the  Junction  of  two  or  more  States,  or  Parts  of 
States,  without  the  Consent  of  the  Legislatures  of  the  States 
concerned,  as  well  as  of  the  Congress. 

(2.)  The  Congress  shall  have  Power  to  dispose  of,  and  mak 
all  needful  Rules  and  Regulations  respecting  the  Territory  o. 
other  Property  belonging  to  the  United  States ;  and  nothing 
in  this  Constitution  shall  be  so  construed  as  to  Prejudice  any 
Claims  of  the  United  States,  or  of  any  particular  State. 

SEC.  4,— <1.)  The  United  States  shall  guarantee  to  every 
State  in  this  Union  a  Republican  Form  of  Government,  and 
shall  protect  each  of  them  against  Invasion,  and,  on  Applica« 
tion  of  the  Legislatuie,  or  of  the  Executive  (when  the  Legisku 
tore  ciumot  be  convened)  against  domestic  Violence. 
9 


130  THE   YOUNG   CITIZEN'S 


ARTICLE     V. 

(1 )  The  Congress,  whenever  two  thirds  of  both  Houses  shal/ 
deem  it  necessary,  shall  propose  Amendments  to  this  Const! 
tution,  or,  on  the  Application  of  the  Legislatures  of  two  third 
of  the  several  States,  shall  call  a  Convention  for  proposing 
Amendments,  which,  in  either  Case,  shall  be  valid  to  all  In 
tents  and  Purposes,  as  Part  of  this  Constitution,  when  ratified 
by  the  Legislatures  of  three  fourths  of  the  several  States,  o? 
by  Conventions  in  three  fourths  thereof,  as  the  one  or  the 
other  Mode  of  Ratification  may  be  proposed  by  the  Congress  ; 
Provided  that  no  Amendment  which  may  be  made  prior  to  the 
Year  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  eight  shall  in  any  Man 
ner  affect  the  first  and  fourth  Clauses  in  the  Ninth  Section  of 
the  first  Article ;  and  that  no  State,  without  its  Consent,  shall 
be  deprived  of  its  equal  Suffrage  in  the  Senate. 

ARTICLE    VI. 

(1.)  All  Debts  contracted  and  Engagements  entered  into, 
before  the  Adoption  of  this  Constitution,  shall  be  as  valid 
against  the  United  States  under  this  Constitution,  as  under  the 
Confederation. 

(2.)  This  Constitution,  and  the  Laws  of  the  United  States 
which  shall  be  made  in  Pursuance  thereof;  and  all  Treaties 
made,  or  which  shall  be  made,  under  the  authority  of  the 
United  States,  shall  be  the  supreme  Law  of  the  Land;  and  the 
Judges  in  every  State  shall  be  bound  thereby,  any  Thing  in 
the  Constitution  or  Laws  of  any  State  to  the  Contrary  not- 
withstanding. 

(3.)  The  Senators  and  Representatives  before  mentioned,  and 
he  Members  of  the  several  State  Legislatures,  and  all  execu 
tive  and  Judicial  Officers,  both  of  the  United  States  and  of  the 
(several  States,  shall  be  bound  by  Oath  or  Affirmation,  to  sup 
port  this  Constitution  ;  but  no  religious  Test  shall  ever  be 
required  as  a  Qualification  to  any  Office  car  public  Trust  undw 
the  United  States 

ARTICLE    VII, 

(1.)  The  Ratification  of  the  Conventions  of  nine  States,  shall 
to  ittffieient  for  the  Establishment  of  this  Constitution  betwe«i 
the  States  so  ratifying  the  Same, 


OR   TEXT-BOOK    OF    GOVERNMENT. 


181 


Done  in  Convention  by  the  Unanimous  Consent  of  the  States 
present  the  Seventeenth  Day  of  September  in  the  Year  01 
our  Loid  one  thousand  seven  hundred  and  Eighty  seven 
and  of  the  Independance  of  the  United  States  of  America 
the  Twelfth  IN  WITNESS  whereof  We  have  hereunto 
subscribed  our  Names, 

GEO  WASHINGTON  — 
Prtsidt  and  deputy  from  Virginia, 


NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 

John  Langdon, 
Nicholas  Gilman. 

MASSACHUSETTS. 

Nathaniel  Gorham, 
Bufus  King. 

CONNECTICUT. 

Wm.  Saml.  Johnson, 
Roger  Sherman. 

NEW  YORK. 

Alexander  Hamilton. 

NEW  JERSEY. 

Wil:  Livingston, 
David  Brearley, 
Wm.  Paterson, 
Jona.  Dayton. 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

B.  Franklin 
Robt.  Morris, 
Tho:  Fitzsimons, 
James  Wilson, 
/Thomas  Mimin 
Geo:  Clymer, 
Jared  Ingersoll, 
Gouv:  Morris. 

ATTEST 


DELAWARE. 

Geo.  Read, 
John  Dickinson, 
Jaco:  Broom, 
Gunning  Bedford,  Jun'r. 
Richard  Bassett, 

MARYLAND. 

James  M'Henry 

Danl.  Carroll, 

Dan:  of  St.  Thos.  Jenifer 

VIRGINIA. 
John  Blair, 
James  Madison,  Jr., 

NORTH  CAROLINA. 
Wm.  Blount, 
Hu.  Williamson. 
Rich'd  Dobbs  Spaight 

SOUTH  CAROLINA. 

J.  Rutledge, 
Charles  Pinckney, 
Charles  Cotesworth  Pinckney 
Pierce  Butler. 


GEORGIA. 


William  Few, 
Abr.  Baldwin 


WILLIAM  JACKSON, 


131  THE    YOUNG    CITIZEN'S    MANUAL, 


ARTICLES  IN  ADDITION  TO,  AND  AMENDMENTS  O? 
THE  CONSTITUTION. 

PROPOSED  BY  CONGRESS,  AND  RATIFIED  BY  THE  LEGISLA 
TUBES  OF  THE  SEVERAL  STATES,  PURSUANT  TO  THE  FIFTfl 
ARTICLE  OF  THE  ORIGINAL  CONSTITUTION 

ARTICLE  I.  Congress  shall  make  no  law  respecting  11 
•Btablishment  of  religion,  or  prohibiting  the  free  exercia* 
thereof;  or  abridging  the  freedom  of  speech,  or  of  the  press 
or  the  right  of  the  people  peaceably  to  assemble,  and  to  pell 
tion  the  Government  for  a  redress  of  grievances. 

ART.  II.  A  well-regulated  Militia,  being  necessary  to  the 
security  of  a  free  State,  the  right  of  the  people  to  keep  and 
bear  Arms,  shall  not  be  infringed. 

ART.  III.  No  Soldier  shall,  in  time  of  peace  be  quartered  in 
any  house,  without  the  consent  of  the  Owner,  nor  in  time  o\. 
war,  but  in  a  manner  to  be  prescribed  by  law. 

ART.  IV.  The  right  of  the  people  to  be  secure  in  their  per 
sons,  houses,  papers,  and  effects,  against  unreasonable  searches 
and  seizures,  shall  not  be  violated,  and  no  Warrants  shal 
issue,  but  upon  probable  cause,  supported  by  Oath  or  affirma 
tion,  and  particularly  describing  the  place  to  be  searched,  and 
the  persons  or  things  to  be  seized. 

ART.  V.  No  person  shall  be  held  to  answer  for  a  capital,  or 
otherwise  infamous  crime,  unless  on  a  presentment  or  indict 
ment  of  a  Grand  Jury,  except  in  cases  arising  in  the  land  or 
naval  forces,  or  in  the  Militia,  when  in  actual  service  in  time 
of  War  or  public  danger;  nor  shall  any  person  be  t abject  for 
the  same  offence  to  be  twice  put  in  jeopardy  of  lif"  or  limb  ; 
nor  shall  be  compelled  in  any  Criminal  Case  to  be  a  witnesi 
gainst  himself,  nor  be  deprived  of  life,  liberty,  or  property 
Without  due  process  of  law;  nor  shall  private  property  be 
taken  for  public  use,  without  just  compensation. 

ART.  VI.  In  all  criminal  prosecutions,  the  acci>«uvd  shal 
enjoy  the  right  to  a  speedy  and  public  trial,  by  an  impartial 
nry  of  the  State  and  district  wherein  the  crime  shall  havo  beefi 
committed,  which  district  shall  have  been  previously  ascer* 
tained  by  law,  and  to  be  informed  of  the  nature  and  cause  o. 
the  accusation  ;  to  be  confronted  with  the  witnesses  against 
him  ;  to  have  Compulsory  process  for  obtaining  Witnesses  in 
his  favor  and  to  have  the  Assistance  of  Counsel  for  his  defence 


OB  TEXT-BOOK    OP    GOVERNMENT.  133 

ART.  VII.  In  Suits  at  common  law,  where  the  value  in  con- 
kroversy  shall  exceed  twenty  dollars,  the  right  of  trial  by  jury 
shall  be  preserved,  and  no  fact  tried  by  a  jury  shall  be  other 
wise  re-examined  in  any  Court  of  the  United  States,  than 
according  to  the  rules  ot  the  common  law. 

ART.  VIII.  Excessive  bail  shall  not  be  required,  nor  excee 
live  fine?  imposed,  nor  cruel  and  unusual  punishments  :UT 
licted. 

AIM.  IX.  The  enumeration  in  the  Constitution  of  certain 
rigl  its  shall  not  be  construed  to  deny  or  disparage  othen 
retain*  d  by  the  people. 

ART.  X.  The  powers  not  delegated  to  the  United  States  by 
the  Constitution,  nor  prohibited  by  it  to  the  States,  are  re 
served  to  the  States  respectively,  or  to  the  people. 

ART.  XI.  The  Judicial  power  of  the  United  States  shall  noi 
be  construed  to  extend  to  any  suit  in  law  or  equity  com 
menced  or  prosecuted  against  one  of  the  United  States  by 
Citizens  of  another  State,  or  by  Citizens  or  Subjects  of  any 
Foreign  State. 

ART.  XII.  The  Electors  shall  meet  In  their  respective 
states,  and  vote  by  ballot  for  President  and  Vice-President, 
one  of  whom,  at  least,  shall  not  be  an  inhabitant  of  the  same 
state  with  themselves ;  they  shall  name  in  their  ballots  the 
person  voted  for  as  President,  and  in  distinct  ballots  the  per 
son  voted  for  as  Vice-President,  and  they  shall  make  distinct 
lists  of  all  persons  voted  for  as  President,  and  of  all  persons 
voted  for  as  Vice-President,  and  of  the  number  of  votes  for 
each,  which  lists  they  shall  sign  and  certify,  and  transmit 
sealed  to  the  seat  of  the  government  of  the  United  States, 
directed  to  the  President  of  the  Senate  ;— the  President  of  th* 
Senate  shall,  in  the  presence  of  the  Senate  and  House  of  Rep 
resentatives,  open  all  the  certificates  and  the  votes  shall  then 
be  counted  ; — the  person  having  the  greatest  number  of  vote* 
for  President,  shall  be  the  President,  if  such  number  be  * 
majority  of  the  whole  number  of  Electors  appointed  ;  and  if  no 
person  have  such  majority,  then  from  the  persons  having  tl*e 
highest  numbers  not  exceeding  three  on  the  list  of  those  voted 
for  as  President,  the  House  of  Representatives  shall  choosa 
immediately,  by  ballot,  the  President.  But,  in  choosing  the 
President,  the  votes  shall  be  taken  by  states,  the  repres&at*. 
tion  from  each  state  having  one  vote ;  a  quorum  for  this  JJOT- 
poee  shall  consist  of  a  member  or  members  from  two 


134  THE    YOUNG    CITIZEN'S    MANUAL. 

of  the  states,  and  a  majority  of  all  tlie  states  shall  be  necec 
Bary  to  a  choice  And  if  the  House  of  Representatives  shall 
not  choose  a  President  whenever  the  right  of  choice  shall 
devolve  upon  them,  before  the  fourth  day  of  March  next  fol 
lowing,  then  the  Vice-President  shall  act  as  President,  as  in 
the  case  of  the  death  or  other  constitutional  disability  of  the 
President.  The  person  having  the  greatest  numbei  of  votes 
tfl  Vice-President,  shall  be  the  Vice-President,  if  such  number 
be  a  majority  of  the  whole  number  of  Electors  appointed,  and 
If  no  person  have  a  majority,  then  from  the  two  highest  num 
bers  on  the  list,  the  Senate  shall  choose  the  Vice-President ;  a 
quorum  for  the  purpose  shall  consist  of  two  thirds  of  the 
whole  number  of  Senators,  and  a  majority  of  the  whole  num 
ber  shall  be  necessary  to  a  choice.  But  no  person  constitu 
tionally  ineligible  to  the  office  of  President  shall  be  eligible  tc 
that  of  Vice-President  of  the  United  States. 

ART.  XIII. — SEC.  I.  Neither  slavery  nor  involuntary  servi 
tude,  except  as  a  punishment  for  crime  whereof  the  party  shaL 
have  been  duly  convicted,  shall  exist  within  the  United  States, 
or  any  place  subject  to  their  jurisdiction. 

SEC.  2.  Congress  shall  have  power  to  enforce  this  article  by 
appropriate  legislation. 

ART.  XIV. — SEC.  1.  All  persons  born  or  naturalized  in  the 
United  States,  and  subject  to  the  jurisdiction  thereof,  are  citi 
zens  of  the  United  States,  and  of  the  State  wherein  they  re 
side.  No  State  shall  make  or  enforce  any  law  which  shall 
abridge  the  privileges  or  immunities  of  citizens  of  the  United 
States ;  nor  shall  any  State  deprive  any  person  of  life,  liberty, 
or  property,  without  due  process  of  law,  nor  deny  to  any  per- 
non  within  its  jurisdiction  the  equal  protection  of  the  laws. 

SEC.  2.  Representatives  shall  be  apportioned  among  th* 
several  States  according  to  their  respective  numbers,  counting 
,he  whole  number  of  persons  in  each  State,  excluding  Indian! 
not  taxed.  But  when  the  r'ght  to  vote  at  any  election  for  the 
choice  of  Electors  for  President  of  the  United  States,  Repre 
sentatives  in  Congress,  the  executive  and  judicial  officers  of  a 
State,  or  the  members  of  the  Legislature  thereof,  is  denied  to 
any  of  the  male  inhabitants  of  such  State,  being  twenty-one 
years  of  age- and  citizens  of  the  United  States,  or  in  any  way 
abridged,  except  for  participation  in  rebellion  or  other  crime, 
the  basis  of  representation  therein  shall  be  reduced  in  th« 
proportion  which  the  number  of  such  male  citizens  ahal) 


THE  YOUNG  CITIZEN'S  MANUAL.  135 

bear  to  the  whole  number  of  male  citizens  twenty  one  jean 
of  age  in  such  State. 

SEC.  3.  No  person  shall  be  a  Senator  or  Representative  in 
Congress,  or  Elector  of  President  and  Vice  President,  or  hold 
any  office,  civil  or  military,  under  the  United  States,  or  und« 
any  State,  who,  having  previously  taken  an  oath,  as  a  membef 
of  Congress,  or  as  a  member  of  any  State  Legislature,  or  as  an 
executive  or  judicial  officer  of  any  State,  to  support  the  COB- 
§titution  of  the  United  States,  shall  have  engaged  in  insurreo. 
tion  or  rebellion  against  the  same,  or  given  aid  and  comfort  to 
the  enemies  thereof.  But  Congress  may,  by  a  vote  of  two- 
thirds  of  each  House,  remove  such  disability. 

SEC.  4.  The  validity  of  the  public  debt  of  the  United  Statea, 
authorized  by  law,  including  debts  incurred  for  payment  of 
pensions  and  bounties  for  services  in  suppreesing  insurrection 
and  rebellion,  shall  not  be  questioned.  But  neither  the  United 
States  nor  any  State  shall  assume  or  pay  any  debt  or  obliga 
tion  incurred  in  aid  of  insurrection  or  rebellion  against  the 
United  States,  or  any  claim  for  the  loss  or  emancipation  of 
any  slave ;  but  all  such  debts,  obligations,  or  claims,  shall  be 
held  illegal  and  void. 

SEC.  5.  Congress  shall  have  power  to  enforce,  by  appropriate 
legislation,  the  provisions  of  this  articla 

AKT.  XV.— SEC.  1.  The  right  of  the  citizens  of  the  United 
States  to  vote  shall  not  be  denied  or  abridged  by  the  United 
States,  or  by  any  State,  on  account  of  race,  color,  or  previous 
condition  of  servitude. 

SEC.  2.  The  Congress  shall  have  power  to  enforce  this  arti 
cle  by  appropriate  legislation. 

NOTE.— Article  XV.  was  proposed  by  Congress  in  1869,  as  an  amend0 
ment  to  the  Constitution,  and  was  declared  adopted  in  March,  1870. 


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